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Amino acids03:42

Amino acids

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Amino acids are the monomers that comprise proteins. Each amino acid has the same fundamental structure, which consists of a central carbon atom, or the alpha (α) carbon, bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and to a hydrogen atom. Every amino acid also has another atom or group of atoms bonded to the central atom known as the R group. There are 20 common amino acids present in proteins, each with a different R group. Variation in the amino acid sequence is responsible...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Inhibition of Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin Production in Transgenic Maize Expressing the α-amylase Inhibitor from Lablab purpureus L.
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Inhibition of Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin Production in Transgenic Maize Expressing the α-amylase Inhibitor from Lablab purpureus L.

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α-Amylase structural genes in rye.

P Masojć1, M D Gale

  • 1Department of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Academy of Agriculture, PL-71-434, Szczecin, Poland.

TAG. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. Theoretische Und Angewandte Genetik
|November 12, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Researchers investigated rye alpha-amylase (α-Amy) genes using wheat probes. They identified multiple α-Amy1, α-Amy2, and α-Amy3 genes and mapped their locations on rye chromosomes, revealing genetic diversity.

Area of Science:

  • Plant genetics and molecular biology
  • Genomics and gene mapping
  • Biochemistry of enzymes

Background:

  • Alpha-amylase enzymes are crucial for starch degradation in plants.
  • Understanding the genetic structure of alpha-amylase genes (α-Amy) in rye (Secale cereale) is important for breeding and functional studies.
  • Previous studies have indicated the presence of multiple α-Amy gene families in cereals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the copy number and genomic organization of rye α-Amy1, α-Amy2, and α-Amy3 genes.
  • To map the identified rye α-Amy genes to specific chromosomal locations using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers.
  • To investigate the genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships of these gene families in rye.

Main Methods:

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  • Utilized wheat α-amylase cDNA probes for RFLP analysis in crosses between inbred rye lines.
  • Analyzed segregation patterns in F2 populations to determine gene copy numbers and map gene locations.
  • Correlated RFLP data with α-amylase isozyme polymorphism analysis.

    • Main Results:

    • Identified considerable RFLP polymorphism for α-Amy1 and α-Amy2, suggesting multiple gene copies.
    • The α-Amy3 region showed higher conservation, with RFLP detected in only one gene.
    • Estimated three α-Amy1 genes on chromosome 6RL (3cM distance), two or three α-Amy2 genes on chromosome 7RL (5cM distance), and three α-Amy3 genes on chromosome 5RL.

    Conclusions:

    • Rye possesses a complex gene family structure for α-amylase, with distinct copy numbers and chromosomal distributions for α-Amy1, α-Amy2, and α-Amy3.
    • The study successfully mapped several α-Amy genes relative to RFLP markers on specific rye chromosomes (6RL, 7RL, 5RL).
    • The findings provide a foundation for further research into the functional roles and evolutionary history of rye α-amylase genes.