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Related Concept Videos

Membrane Fluidity01:23

Membrane Fluidity

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Cell membranes are composed of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates loosely attached to one another through chemical interactions. Molecules are generally able to move about in the plane of the membrane, giving the membrane its flexible nature called fluidity. Two other features of the membrane contribute to membrane fluidity: the chemical structure of the phospholipids and the presence of cholesterol in the membrane.
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Membrane fluidity is explained by the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane, which describes the plasma membrane structure as a mosaic of components—including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—that gives the membrane a fluid character.
Mosaic nature of the membrane
The mosaic characteristic of the membrane helps the plasma membrane remain fluid. The integral proteins and lipids exist as separate but loosely-attached molecules in the membrane. The membrane is...
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A key characteristic of life is the ability to separate the external environment from the internal space. To do this, cells have evolved semi-permeable membranes that regulate the passage of biological molecules. Additionally, the cell membrane defines a cell’s shape and interactions with the external environment. Eukaryotic cell membranes also serve to compartmentalize the internal space into organelles, including the endomembrane structures of the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Preparation of Thermoresponsive Nanostructured Surfaces for Tissue Engineering
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A thermoreversible poly(choline phosphate) based universal biomembrane adhesive.

Xifei Yu1, Xiaoqiang Yang, Sonja Horte

  • 1Centre for Blood Research, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, UBC, Vancouver, V6T 2B5, Canada.

Macromolecular Bioscience
|November 12, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a new polymer using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and click chemistry. This biomembrane adhesive is thermally reversible, enabling cell binding and internalization for tissue engineering.

Keywords:
LCSTbiomembrane adhesivecell immobilizationcholine phosphate

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Developing advanced polymers for biomedical applications is crucial.
  • Stimuli-responsive materials offer unique functionalities for cell manipulation.
  • Biomembrane adhesion and internalization are key challenges in drug delivery and tissue engineering.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize a novel poly(choline phosphate) with a lower critical solution temperature (LCST).
  • To evaluate its potential as a thermally reversible biomembrane adhesive for cell binding and internalization.
  • To explore its applications in biomaterial surface modification and tissue engineering.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of 2-(2-(2-(2-azidoethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl methacrylate (AEO4 MA) monomer.
  • Direct atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) to form poly(AEO4 MA).
  • "Click" reaction with prop-2-yn-1-yl choline phosphate (CP) to yield the final polymer.

Main Results:

  • The synthesized poly(choline phosphate) exhibits an LCST of approximately 32 °C.
  • The polymer demonstrates rapid binding to mammalian cell membranes and internalization into nucleated cells below the LCST.
  • Reversible cell surface binding was observed upon increasing the temperature above the LCST.

Conclusions:

  • The developed polymer serves as a universal, thermally reversible biomembrane adhesive.
  • Its ability to bind, internalize, and release cells offers significant potential for in vitro cell manipulation.
  • ATRP-based polymer modification is applicable to various biomaterials for advanced tissue engineering applications.