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Related Concept Videos

Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction01:24

Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction

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Generalization, discrimination, and extinction are key concepts in operant conditioning that influence how behaviors are learned and maintained.
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Ecological succession is influenced by the processes of facilitation, inhibition, and toleration. Facilitation occurs when early successional species create more favorable ecological conditions for subsequent species, such as enhanced nutrient, water, or light availability. In contrast, inhibition happens when early successional species create unfavorable ecological conditions for potential successive species, such as limiting resource availability. In some cases, later successional species...
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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear
11:17

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear

Published on: August 24, 2012

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Extinction and descent.

P T Ellison1

  • 1Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, 02138, Cambridge, MA.

Human Nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)
|November 12, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High reproductive variance increases extinction risk for family lines. When male reproductive variance is higher than female variance, patrilineal lines face faster extinction, impacting kinship systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Anthropology
  • Population genetics

Background:

  • Reproductive success variance is a key factor in lineage survival.
  • Understanding lineage extinction probabilities is crucial for evolutionary and anthropological studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the impact of reproductive success variance on lineal extinction probability.
  • To investigate how differences in male versus female reproductive variance affect patrilineal and matrilineal descent.

Main Methods:

  • Mathematical modeling of lineage extinction probabilities.
  • Analysis of reproductive success distributions across genders.
  • Comparative genealogical analysis of patrilineal and matrilineal descent.

Main Results:

  • Lineal extinction probability is sensitive to all moments of reproductive success distribution.
  • Higher variance in reproductive success correlates with a higher probability of lineal extinction.
  • When male variance exceeds female variance, patrilineal lines extinct faster than matrilineal lines, resulting in shallower, broader patrilineal genealogies.

Conclusions:

  • Genealogical asymmetry arises when male reproductive variance is greater than female variance.
  • This asymmetry may confer greater information content and corporate action effectiveness to patrilineal kinship systems compared to other unilineal systems.