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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than...
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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
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The Seven Crystal Systems: Overview01:24

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Crystals with various point group symmetries belong to different crystal classes, which are synonymous terms. Despite being in the same class, crystals may have distinct shapes, like cubes and octahedra. There are 32 three-dimensional point groups, all of which are systematically divided into seven crystal systems.The basic cubic crystal system, exemplified by NaCl, features orthogonal vectors (α = β = �� = 90°) of equal lengths (a = b = c). When specific...
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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Updated: May 6, 2026

Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates
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Solution superstructures: truncated cubeoctahedron structures of pyrogallol[4]arene nanoassemblies.

Harshita Kumari1, Steven R Kline, Drew A Fowler

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, 601 S. College Avenue, Columbia, MO 65211, USA. AtwoodJ@missouri.edu.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|November 13, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Giant nanocapsules, specifically pyrogallol[4]arene-based dodecamers, were discovered in solution. These novel structures exhibit a unique truncated cubeoctahedron geometry, larger than previously known hexamers.

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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular chemistry
  • Materials science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Pyrogallol[4]arenes are known to form self-assembled structures.
  • Previous studies reported smaller, metal-seamed hexameric assemblies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the solution-phase structures of PgC1Ho and PgC3Ho.
  • To characterize the size and geometry of novel nanoassemblies.

Main Methods:

  • In situ neutron scattering measurements.
  • Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) analysis.

Main Results:

  • Identified spherical nanoassemblies with a radius of 18.2 Å.
  • These assemblies are larger than previously reported PgC3 hexamers (radius = 10 Å).
  • The architectures conform to a truncated cubeoctahedron geometry.

Conclusions:

  • Demonstrated the formation of the first metal-containing pyrogallol[4]arene-based dodecameric nanoassemblies in solution.
  • These giant nanocapsules represent a new class of supramolecular architectures.