Metabolomics insights into pathophysiological mechanisms of nephrology

Kidney diseases (KD), a major public health problem that affects about 10 % of the general population, manifest in progressive loss of renal function, which ultimately leads to complete kidney failure. However, current approaches based on renal histopathological results and clinical parameters lack sensitivity and are not sufficient to characterize the category and progression of nephrology or to predict nephrology progression risk reliably or to guide preventive interventions. The high incidence and financial burden of KD make it imperative to diagnose KD at early stages when therapeutic interventions are far more effective. Nowadays, the appearance of metabolomics (the high-throughput measurement and analysis of metabolites) has provided the framework for a comprehensive analysis of KD and serves as a starting point for generating novel molecular diagnostic tools for use in nephrology. Changes in the concentration profiles of a number of small-molecule metabolites found in either blood or urine can be used to localize kidney damage or assess kidneys suffering from injury. The power of metabolomics allows unparalleled opportunity to query the molecular mechanisms of KD. Novel metabolomics technologies have the ability to provide a deeper understanding of the disease beyond classical histopathology, redefine the characteristics of the disease state, and identify novel approaches to reduce renal failure. This review gives an overview of its application to important areas in clinical nephrology, with a particular focus on biomarker discovery. Great strides forward are being made in breaking down important barriers to the successful prevention and treatment of this devastating disorder.