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Related Concept Videos

Sperm Structure and Semen Composition01:22

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During ejaculation, males release around 2-5 milliliters of semen, which is a complex mixture of mature sperm and various fluids produced by accessory glands. The mature sperm cells measure approximately 60 micrometers in length and consist of a head, neck, midpiece, and tail. The head is flattened and tapered, measuring about 4 to 5 micrometers in length. It contains a nucleus with condensed chromosomes and an acrosome, a cap-like structure filled with enzymes essential for penetrating the...
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Meiosis II is the second and final stage of meiosis. It relies on the haploid cells produced during meiosis I, each of which contain only 23 chromosomes—one from each homologous initial pair. Importantly, each chromosome in these cells is composed of two joined copies, and when these cells enter meiosis II, the goal is to separate such sister chromatids using the same microtubule-based network employed in other division processes. The result of meiosis II is two haploid cells, each...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Handling and Treatment of Male European Eels Anguilla anguilla for Hormonal Maturation and Sperm Cryopreservation
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[Pre-freezing equilibration improves post-thaw human semen parameters].

Ya-Nan Wang1, Sha-Sha Zou, Qian Xiao

  • 1Department of Urology/Laboratory of Sperm Development and Genetics , Shanghai Institute of Andrology/Shanghai Human Sperm Bank, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China. medicaln@126.com

Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue = National Journal of Andrology
|November 14, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Optimizing human sperm cryopreservation: A 10-minute equilibration at 4°C before freezing significantly enhances progressive sperm motility. This simple method improves sperm survival rates after thawing.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Cryobiology
  • Spermatozoa cryopreservation

Context:

  • Human sperm cryopreservation is crucial for assisted reproductive technologies.
  • Optimizing freeze-thaw protocols is essential for maintaining sperm viability and function.
  • Pre-freezing equilibration is a potential factor influencing cryo-survival.

Purpose:

  • To evaluate the impact of pre-freezing equilibration on human sperm cryo-survival.
  • To determine the optimal equilibration conditions for direct fumigation sperm freeze-thawing.
  • To enhance the efficacy of sperm cryopreservation techniques.

Summary:

  • Semen samples were cryopreserved using three methods: no equilibration, 10-min room temperature equilibration, and 10-min 4°C equilibration.
  • Post-thaw analysis included computer-assisted semen analysis for motility, vitality, and sperm deformity index (SDI).
  • The 10-min equilibration at 4°C resulted in significantly higher progressive sperm motility recovery (61.88%) compared to non-equilibration (48.61%) and room temperature equilibration (49.41%).

Impact:

  • Pre-freezing equilibration at 4°C for 10 minutes is a simple, effective method to improve progressive sperm motility after cryopreservation.
  • This optimized protocol enhances the success rates of sperm cryopreservation for clinical applications.
  • The findings contribute to improved sperm banking and fertility treatments.