Enhanced decision making and risk avoidance in high-functioning autism spectrum disorder

Everyday decision making requires integration of a broad range of information from a variety of sources, including cognitive and emotional processes. For individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), everyday decision making can be difficult. The mechanisms that underlie decision making in young people diagnosed with ASD have not been fully explored.

We studied children and young adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; n = 48) compared with an age- and ability-matched typical control group (CON; n = 54). We evaluated performance and psycho-physiological responsivity during the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), an affective decision-making task.

ASD participants were superior to control participants on overall performance (p < .05), especially because of significantly better learning in later stages of the task. While both groups showed robust and equal psycho-physiological arousal to disadvantageous decks, the groups differed in their choice of card type, with the CON group choosing more often from the frequent-gain disadvantageous deck, despite occasional large losses; while the ASD group chose prominently from the advantageous decks.

A decision-making style characterized by a drive to avoid potential loss rather than to seek possible reward may help decision making for ASD in some situations, but ultimately hinder functioning in relation to prosocial engagement and other complex situations where gain rather than punishment is the most effective motivating factor.