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Related Concept Videos

Pozzolans01:21

Pozzolans

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Pozzolans are siliceous or aluminous materials blended with Portland cement. They interact with the calcium hydroxide produced during the hydration of Portland cement and contribute to improved strength and durability of concrete. The pozzolanic activity, a measure of a pozzolan's effectiveness, is typically assessed using the strength activity index, as defined in ASTM C 618-93, which calculates the ratio of the compressive strength of cement mixtures with and without pozzolan.
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Portland cement is the essential binding ingredient in concrete, made from finely ground materials including lime, iron, silica, and alumina. Lime is derived primarily from limestone, marble, marl, seashells, and clays, which also supply iron and alumina, while silica is sourced from sand, chalk, and bauxite. Contemporary manufacturing of Portland cement is a significant source of carbon dioxide emissions, prompting research into reducing its content in concrete through alternative...
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Steel manufacturing is a multi-stage process that begins by smelting iron ore into cast iron in a blast furnace. This initial stage involves layering iron ore with coke, a type of fuel, and crushed limestone within the furnace. The coke is ignited with a high volume of air, leading to the creation of carbon monoxide, which acts to reduce the iron ore to pure iron.
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Aggregates Classification01:29

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Aggregate classification is generally based on its size, petrographic characteristics, weight, and source. Size classification ranges from coarse to fine aggregates, defined by the size of the particles. Coarse aggregates are particles that do not pass through ASTM sieve No. 4, and aggregates that pass through the sieve are fine aggregates.
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Design Example: Managing Concrete Workability01:14

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This example deals with managing the workability of concrete for a raft foundation project under hot weather conditions. Workability is crucial for ensuring the concrete is easy to place, compact, and finish. In this scenario, a slump test — a common method to measure the workability of fresh concrete — initially indicated low workability. This was attributed to the rapid water loss from the concrete mix, exacerbated by the high temperatures causing the course aggregates to heat up.
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Deleterious Substances in Aggregate01:25

Deleterious Substances in Aggregate

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Deleterious substances in aggregates can be detrimental to the quality and durability of concrete. These substances include organic impurities like loam, which interfere with cement hydration and are usually present in the sand. These prevent a good bond between aggregate and cement paste. Organic impurities can be detected using the colorimetric test, where the darkness of a solution after agitation indicates the level of organic content.
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Updated: May 6, 2026

Two-way Valorization of Blast Furnace Slag: Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Zeolitic Heavy Metal Adsorbent
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Coal rejects - a wasted resource?

R D La Nauze1, G J Duffy

  • 1CSIRO Division of Fossil Fuels, North Ryde, NSW and Joint Coal Board, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Environmental Geochemistry and Health
|November 14, 2013
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study explores using coal washery rejects via fluidized-bed combustion. This method can reduce waste, recover energy, and produce ash for aggregate, warranting site-specific evaluations.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Coal washery rejects pose significant disposal challenges.
  • Sustainable management of mining byproducts is crucial for environmental protection.
  • Energy recovery and resource utilization are key aspects of circular economy principles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the potential applications of coal washery rejects.
  • To assess fluidized-bed combustion as a viable technology for processing these rejects.
  • To identify opportunities for energy recovery and material substitution.

Main Methods:

  • Review of technical literature on fluidized-bed combustion.
  • Analysis of fluidized-bed combustion for energy recovery (drying, steam, electricity).
  • Assessment of fluidized-bed ash as a substitute for natural aggregate.

Main Results:

  • Fluidized-bed combustion effectively addresses rejects disposal issues.
  • Significant energy recovery is achievable through this process.
  • Fluidized-bed ash demonstrates potential as a sustainable aggregate substitute.

Conclusions:

  • Fluidized-bed combustion is a promising technology for coal washery rejects.
  • Further detailed, site-specific evaluations are recommended.
  • This approach offers environmental and economic benefits.