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Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH. Two molecules of ATP are also produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
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Sugar (a simple carbohydrate) metabolism (chemical reactions) is a classic example of the many cellular processes that use and produce energy. Living things consume sugar as a major energy source because sugar molecules have considerable energy stored within their bonds. Consumed carbohydrates have their origins in photosynthesizing organisms like plants. During photosynthesis, plants use the energy of sunlight to convert carbon dioxide gas into sugar molecules, like glucose. Because this...
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Cells make energy by breaking down macromolecules. Cellular respiration is the biochemical process that converts "food energy" (from the chemical bonds of macromolecules) into chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The first step of this tightly regulated and intricate process is glycolysis. The word glycolysis originates from the Latin glyco (sugar) and lysis (breakdown). Glycolysis serves two main intracellular functions: generating ATP and generating...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Transformation of Organic Household Leftovers into a Peat Substitute
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Pyrolysis of table sugar.

Adnan Bulut1, Selhan Karagöz

  • 1Chemistry Department, Kırıkkale University, 71450 Kırıkkale, Turkey.

Thescientificworldjournal
|November 14, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Pyrolysis of table sugar at high temperatures (500°C) maximizes liquid product yield. This bio-oil contains valuable compounds like 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural, useful for chemical production.

Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Biomass Conversion
  • Organic Chemistry

Background:

  • Biomass pyrolysis is a key thermochemical conversion process.
  • Table sugar (sucrose) is a readily available carbohydrate source.
  • Understanding pyrolysis product distribution is crucial for optimizing biofuel and chemical production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of pyrolysis temperature on the yield and composition of products from table sugar.
  • To identify key compounds in the bio-oil produced at optimal conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Fixed-bed reactor pyrolysis of table sugar at 300, 400, and 500°C.
  • Analysis of liquid, solid, and gaseous product yields.
  • Characterization of bio-oil composition using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).

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Main Results:

  • Liquid product yield increased with temperature, reaching 52 wt% at 500°C.
  • Solid product yield decreased with increasing temperature.
  • Bio-oil from 500°C pyrolysis contained 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-α-d-glucopyranose, 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural, 5-acetoxymethyl-2-furaldehyde, and cyclotetradecane.
  • 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural was the most abundant compound in the bio-oil at 500°C.

Conclusions:

  • Pyrolysis temperature significantly influences table sugar conversion efficiency and product distribution.
  • 500°C is optimal for maximizing liquid bio-oil yield from table sugar pyrolysis.
  • The identified compounds, particularly 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural, suggest potential for producing valuable chemicals from sugar-derived bio-oils.