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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

14.7K
The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
14.7K
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

4.0K
4.0K
Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

8.1K
The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
8.1K
Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

8.8K
Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...
8.8K
Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

12.0K
The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at...
12.0K
Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

4.0K
Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
4.0K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Complete Workflow for Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications Using Bottom-up Mass Spectrometry: From Histone Extraction to Data Analysis
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Complete Workflow for Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications Using Bottom-up Mass Spectrometry: From Histone Extraction to Data Analysis

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Modeling the dynamics of bivalent histone modifications.

Wai Lim Ku1, Michelle Girvan, Guo-Cheng Yuan

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America ; Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America.

Plos One
|November 14, 2013
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Summary

Bivalent domains in stem cells, marked by active and repressive histone modifications, are crucial for gene regulation. This study uses a mathematical model to explore the dynamics of these epigenetic marks and their role in cell differentiation.

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Histone modifications regulate gene transcription, influencing cell differentiation.
  • Bivalent domains, co-occurring active (H3K4me3) and repressive (H3K27me3) marks, are found at lineage-control genes in stem cells.
  • The precise mechanisms by which bivalent domains function in stem cell differentiation are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dynamic properties of histone modification patterns using a mathematical model.
  • To elucidate the role of bivalent domains in stem cell differentiation.

Main Methods:

  • Formulation of a mathematical model to simulate histone modification dynamics.
  • Analysis of dynamic properties of combinatorial chromatin states.

Main Results:

  • The mathematical model captures key features of experimentally observed combinatorial chromatin states.
  • The model provides insights into the dynamic regulation of gene transcription by histone modifications.

Conclusions:

  • Bivalent domains are critical regulatory elements in stem cells.
  • The developed mathematical framework aids in understanding the mechanisms of epigenetic regulation and cell differentiation.