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Related Concept Videos

Diverticular Disease of the Colon01:27

Diverticular Disease of the Colon

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Diverticular disease involves the formation of diverticula—small sac-like outpouchings of the colonic wall—and their complications. It most commonly affects the sigmoid colon due to higher intraluminal pressure and structural vulnerability. It results from structural weakness and increased pressure in the colon, producing pseudodiverticula that may remain silent or progress to inflammation and serious complications.Structure of DiverticulaIn diverticulosis, these outpouchings are...
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Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
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Cancers arise due to mutations in genes involved in the regulation of cell division, which leads to unrestricted cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have made great strides in the understanding and treatment of cancer, including eradicating cancer in some patients. However, there is still no cure for cancer. This is largely due to the fact that cancer is a large group of many diseases.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Competing-Risk Nomogram for Predicting Cancer-Specific Survival in Multiple Primary Colorectal Cancer Patients after Surgery
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Colorectal cancer.

Hermann Brenner1, Matthias Kloor2, Christian Peter Pox3

  • 1Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.

Lancet (London, England)
|November 15, 2013
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Colorectal cancer affects over 1.2 million people annually, with incidence linked to Western lifestyle. Early screening significantly reduces colorectal cancer incidence and mortality, though programs remain underutilized globally.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major global health concern, with over 1.2 million new cases and 600,000 deaths annually.
  • CRC incidence exhibits significant global variation, strongly associated with Western lifestyle factors, and is more prevalent in men and older individuals (median age ~70).
  • While hereditary factors play a role, most CRC cases are sporadic, developing over time via the adenoma-carcinoma sequence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of colorectal cancer epidemiology, risk factors, and management.
  • To highlight the impact of lifestyle on CRC incidence.
  • To emphasize the importance and current limitations of CRC screening programs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological data on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality.
  • Analysis of risk factors including age, sex, and lifestyle.
  • Summary of current therapeutic cornerstones: surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy.
  • Evaluation of survival rates based on disease stage.
  • Assessment of the effectiveness of screening in reducing CRC incidence and mortality.

Main Results:

  • CRC incidence and mortality rates vary globally, correlating with Western lifestyle.
  • Therapeutic outcomes show a wide survival range, from >90% for stage I to <10% for stage IV disease.
  • Screening demonstrably reduces CRC incidence and mortality, yet organized screening programs are not widely implemented.

Conclusions:

  • Colorectal cancer is a significant global health issue influenced by lifestyle and age.
  • Effective treatments exist, but survival is highly stage-dependent.
  • Widespread implementation of organized screening programs is crucial to reduce CRC burden.