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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

External Cephalic Version: Is it an Effective and Safe Procedure?
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Water VBAC: exploring a new frontier for women's autonomy.

Jennifer A McKenna1, Andrew G Symon

  • 1NHS Fife, Women & Children's Planned Care Directorate, Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy KY2 5AH, UK.

Midwifery
|November 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Women seeking vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) in water found it empowering. This method helped them minimize medical intervention and maximize positive birth experiences, asserting control over their childbirth journey.

Keywords:
AutonomyChoiceVBACWater birth

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Perinatal Care
  • Qualitative Research

Background:

  • Vaginal Birth After Cesarean (VBAC) is promoted to reduce cesarean rates.
  • Water VBAC is under-researched, despite initial audits suggesting safety.
  • Limited evidence exists on maternal and neonatal outcomes for Water VBAC.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore women's reasons for choosing Water VBAC.
  • To understand women's experiences with Water VBAC.
  • To identify factors influencing the decision and process of Water VBAC.

Main Methods:

  • In-depth semi-structured interviews with eight women who had Water VBAC.
  • Purposive sampling from a midwife-led unit.
  • Interpretative phenomenological analysis of interview data.

Main Results:

  • Women chose Water VBAC to avoid repeat obstetric complications and negative past birth experiences.
  • Reported improved physical and psychological outcomes compared to cesarean birth.
  • Key themes: minimizing medicalization, maximizing benefits, and managing risks and expectations.

Conclusions:

  • Water VBAC enabled women to assert autonomy and control over childbirth.
  • High value placed on choice and control during the birthing process.
  • Need for improved information, shared decision-making, and consistent professional attitudes.