Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

20.2K
When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
20.2K
Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS

12.7K
Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
GWAS does not require the identification of the target gene involved in...
12.7K
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

1.8K
An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
1.8K
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

13.7K
T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
13.7K
Mismatch Repair01:20

Mismatch Repair

5.4K
Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The Mutator Protein Family Plays a Key Role in DNA Mismatch Repair
The human genome has more than 3 billion base pairs of DNA per cell. Prior to cell division, that vast amount of genetic...
5.4K
Mismatch Repair01:36

Mismatch Repair

38.2K
Overview
38.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Antiretroviral therapy blocks natural selection on protective and disease-susceptible HLA-B alleles in HIV-1 infection.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Guarding versus self-guarding in innate immunity.

Evolution; international journal of organic evolution·2026
Same author

Retrocecal Appendicitis in Children: Similar Clinical Presentations Despite Diagnostic Challenges.

Pediatric emergency care·2026
Same author

Evolutionary dynamics of epitopes of limited variability on the head of influenza H1 haemagglutinin.

Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases·2026
Same author

Invasion preferences suggest a possible role for Plasmodium falciparum parasites in the expansion of Duffy negativity in West and Central Africa.

Molecular biology and evolution·2026
Same author

Identifying malaria elimination strategies in the presence of human movement in Bangladesh.

Communications medicine·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Personalized Peptide Arrays for Detection of HLA Alloantibodies in Organ Transplantation
08:07

Personalized Peptide Arrays for Detection of HLA Alloantibodies in Organ Transplantation

Published on: September 6, 2017

9.8K

Pathogen selection drives nonoverlapping associations between HLA loci.

Bridget S Penman1, Ben Ashby, Caroline O Buckee

  • 1Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|November 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pathogen-mediated selection drives nonrandom associations between Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) loci, distinct from other genetic processes. This immune selection shapes pathogen strains, influencing HLA allele relationships and host-pathogen dynamics.

Keywords:
human evolutioninfectious diseasemajor histocompatibility complexmathematical modelpopulation genetics

More Related Videos

Overlapping Peptide Library to Map Qa-1 Epitopes in a Protein
08:04

Overlapping Peptide Library to Map Qa-1 Epitopes in a Protein

Published on: December 20, 2017

6.6K
A Comparative Approach to Characterize the Landscape of Host-Pathogen Protein-Protein Interactions
13:56

A Comparative Approach to Characterize the Landscape of Host-Pathogen Protein-Protein Interactions

Published on: July 18, 2013

10.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 6, 2026

Personalized Peptide Arrays for Detection of HLA Alloantibodies in Organ Transplantation
08:07

Personalized Peptide Arrays for Detection of HLA Alloantibodies in Organ Transplantation

Published on: September 6, 2017

9.8K
Overlapping Peptide Library to Map Qa-1 Epitopes in a Protein
08:04

Overlapping Peptide Library to Map Qa-1 Epitopes in a Protein

Published on: December 20, 2017

6.6K
A Comparative Approach to Characterize the Landscape of Host-Pathogen Protein-Protein Interactions
13:56

A Comparative Approach to Characterize the Landscape of Host-Pathogen Protein-Protein Interactions

Published on: July 18, 2013

10.6K

Area of Science:

  • Immunogenetics
  • Evolutionary biology
  • Population genetics

Background:

  • The Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) gene cluster exhibits exceptional polymorphism, often attributed to pathogen-mediated selection.
  • The precise role of pathogen-driven selection in generating and maintaining linkage disequilibrium (LD) among HLA loci remains incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether pathogen-mediated selection can promote nonrandom associations between HLA loci.
  • To differentiate selection-driven associations from LD generated by other population genetic mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a theoretical framework where immune selection pressures the pathogen population into discrete antigenic strains.
  • Proposed that these discrete pathogen strains drive nonoverlapping, nonrandom associations between HLA loci involved in antigen recognition.
  • Utilized existing population genetic data to identify signatures of pathogen-driven selection.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that pathogen-mediated selection can indeed promote nonrandom associations between HLA loci.
  • Showed that these selection-induced associations are characteristically nonoverlapping and nonrandom, distinguishing them from other LD sources.
  • Confirmed the presence of this signature in empirical data.

Conclusions:

  • Pathogen-driven selection is a significant factor in shaping HLA population structure and allele associations.
  • The proposed framework offers a method to distinguish selection-driven HLA associations from other genetic influences.
  • Understanding these associations aids in uncovering functional relationships between HLA alleles and has implications for coevolutionary dynamics, including the role of memory immunity.