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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Methods for Studying Uterine Contributions to Pregnancy Establishment in an Ovariectomized Mouse Model
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Methods for Studying Uterine Contributions to Pregnancy Establishment in an Ovariectomized Mouse Model

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Progestin-only pills for contraception.

David A Grimes1, Laureen M Lopez, Paul A O'Brien

  • 1Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, CB#7570, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA, 27599-7570.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|November 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New progestin-only pills are available, but evidence is insufficient to compare their efficacy or safety against other progestin-only pills or combined oral contraceptives. More research is needed for informed choices.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Health
  • Contraception
  • Clinical Trials

Background:

  • Progestin-only oral contraceptives (POPs) are gaining attention, particularly with new formulations available in Europe.
  • Unlike combined oral contraceptives (COCs), POPs contain only progestin and are taken continuously.
  • Direct comparisons of POPs with each other and with COCs are limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing progestin-only pills.
  • To assess differences in efficacy, acceptability, and continuation rates of POPs.
  • To compare POPs against other contraceptive methods, including COCs.

Main Methods:

  • Searched major databases (MEDLINE, CENTRAL, POPLINE, LILACS, EMBASE) and trial registries up to October 2013.
  • Included all RCTs of POPs, with any comparison group (other POPs, COCs, etc.).
  • Extracted data on efficacy (pregnancy rates) and side effects (bleeding patterns), using rate differences and odds ratios.

Main Results:

  • Six trials met inclusion criteria; no new studies found since initial review.
  • Desogestrel POPs showed no significant difference in pregnancy risk versus levonorgestrel POPs but had more bleeding issues.
  • One trial indicated higher efficacy for a levonorgestrel POP compared to a norethisterone POP; another found ethynodiol diacetate POP associated with irregular cycles versus COCs.

Conclusions:

  • Insufficient evidence exists to definitively compare the efficacy or safety of different progestin-only pills.
  • Current data do not allow for robust comparisons between progestin-only pills and combined oral contraceptives.
  • Further high-quality randomized controlled trials are needed to guide clinical practice and patient choice.