Nonlinear resonance effects during ion storage in a quadrupole ion trap

Contributions of higher-order fields to the quadrupolar storage field produce nonlinear resonances in the quadrupole ion trap. Storing ions with secular frequencies corresponding to these nonlinear resonances allows absorption of power from the higher-order fields. This results in increased axial and radial amplitudes which can cause ion ejection and collision-induced dissociation (CID). Experiments employing long storage times and/or high ion populations, such as chemical ionization, ion-molecule reaction studies, and resonance excitation CID, can be particularly susceptible to nonlinear resonance effects. The effects of higher-order fields on stored ions are presented and the influence of instrumental parameters such as radiofrequency and direct current voltage (qZ and az values), ion population, and storage time are discussed.