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Related Concept Videos

Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

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Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
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Pain01:20

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Pain serves as a critical warning signal that alerts the body to potential or actual harm. When mechanical pressure on the skin is intense, such as from a sharp pinch, the sensation transitions from touch to pain. Similarly, extreme temperatures, like a hot pot handle, convert the sensation of heat into pain. Pain can also result from overstimulation of other senses, such as blinding light, loud noise, or the intense heat from habañero peppers. This ability to sense pain is essential for...
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Opioid Receptors: Overview01:22

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Opioid receptors, including the mu (μ, MOR), delta (δ, DOR), and kappa (κ, KOR) types, belong to the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are located throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems and in non-neuronal tissues such as macrophages and astrocytes. Opioid receptor ligands can be categorized into agonists or antagonists. Highly selective agonists include [d-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly(ol)5]-enkephalin or DAMGO for MOR, [D-Pen2,...
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Nociception01:44

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Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain.
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Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners01:20

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Opioids are a class of drugs that mimic endogenous opioid peptides and act on opioid receptors, and help in pain relief. These compounds are classified as natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic. Natural opioids, like morphine, codeine, and thebaine, are derived from the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum or Papaver album) and are termed opiates. Synthetic opioids are artificial, while semi-synthetic opioids combine natural and synthetic compounds. Morphine, a prototypical opioid, possesses a...
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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Cannabinoids01:21

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Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a phytocannabinoid that primarily interacts with the CB1 receptor, a type of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) predominantly in and around the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) and emetic center. THC also blocks the serotonin receptor activity in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) by inhibiting serotonin release. THC exerts its anti-emetic effects through these interactions, which are beneficial for patients undergoing chemotherapy.
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Updated: May 6, 2026

Intracranial Pharmacotherapy and Pain Assays in Rodents
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The endocannabinoid system, cannabinoids, and pain.

Perry G Fine1, Mark J Rosenfeld

  • 1Professor of Anesthesiology, Pain Research and Management Centers, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; and.

Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal
|November 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary

The endocannabinoid system influences pain and inflammation. Certain plant-based cannabinoids like cannabidiol and β-caryophyllene show promise for chronic pain treatment due to their safety and low adverse effects.

Keywords:
Cannabinoidscannabinoid receptorschronic painendocannabinoid systemphytocannabinoids

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Pain Management

Background:

  • The endocannabinoid system regulates physiological functions, including pain and inflammation.
  • Endocannabinoids and cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) play a role in nociception, though their exact functions are not fully understood.
  • Exogenous cannabinoids (phytocannabinoids) and terpenes from plants demonstrate analgesic effects in chronic pain conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the basic and clinical science connecting the endocannabinoid system and phytocannabinoids.
  • To explore the therapeutic potential of phytocannabinoids in managing chronic pain.
  • To highlight promising non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid combinations for pain management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of basic and clinical science studies.
  • Analysis of the endocannabinoid system's role in pain modulation.
  • Evaluation of phytocannabinoids, focusing on cannabidiol and β-caryophyllene.

Main Results:

  • Phytocannabinoids, particularly cannabidiol and β-caryophyllene, show significant analgesic effects.
  • Oral delivery of these compounds offers a safer alternative to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, which has psychoactive and regulatory limitations.
  • Combinations of cannabidiol and β-caryophyllene present a promising, low-adverse-effect profile for chronic pain treatment.

Conclusions:

  • The endocannabinoid system is a key target for pain management strategies.
  • Phytocannabinoids, especially non-psychoactive ones like cannabidiol and β-caryophyllene, offer a viable therapeutic avenue for chronic pain.
  • Further research into the synergistic effects and optimal delivery of these compounds is warranted for effective chronic pain management.