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The phylum Tenericutes, which includes the single class Mollicutes, comprises bacteria that lack cell walls. The term "Mollicutes" derives from the Latin word mollis, meaning "soft." These organisms are among the smallest known and are commonly referred to as mycoplasmas due to the prominence of the genus Mycoplasma, which includes well-known human pathogens. Despite their inability to stain gram-positively (a result of their lack of cell walls), mycoplasmas are phylogenetically related to the...
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Coryneform bacteria are gram-positive, aerobic, nonmotile rods that exhibit irregular, club-shaped, or V-shaped arrangements. Their V-shape results from snapping division, where the inner cell wall layer forms the cross-wall, while the outer layer remains intact until it ruptures on one side, causing the daughter cells to bend away.The primary genera are Corynebacterium and Arthrobacter. Corynebacterium includes diverse species, ranging from saprophytes to pathogens like Corynebacterium...
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Bacteria and phenoptosis.

O A Koksharova1

  • 1Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia. koksharova@genebee.msu.ru.

Biochemistry. Biokhimiia
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PubMed
Summary

Phenoptosis, or programmed cell death in bacteria, regulates populations and limits viral spread. This process, linked to quorum sensing (QS) and requiring an extracellular death factor, has implications for developing new antibacterial drugs.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Phenoptosis (programmed cell death) occurs in bacteria, influencing population dynamics and community regulation.
  • Bacterial phenoptosis is linked to population density and quorum sensing (QS), a cell-to-cell communication system.
  • QS relies on signaling molecules and regulates gene expression, particularly at high bacterial densities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role and mechanisms of phenoptosis in bacterial populations.
  • To explore the connection between phenoptosis, quorum sensing, and population regulation.
  • To identify potential therapeutic targets for controlling pathogenic bacteria via phenoptosis induction.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomic analysis to identify bacterial homologs of eukaryotic apoptosis-related genes.

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  • Proteomics to identify proteins involved in bacterial phenoptosis.
  • Investigated the dependence of phenoptosis on population density and quorum sensing factors.

    • Main Results:

    • Identified bacterial homologs of key eukaryotic apoptosis enzymes (e.g., caspases, ATPases, proteases).
    • Proteomics revealed proteins involved in cell degradation, regulation, and stress response during phenoptosis in *Streptomyces coelicolor* and *Escherichia coli*.
    • Phenoptosis in bacteria is dependent on population density and requires a quorum sensing factor, the extracellular death factor.

    Conclusions:

    • Phenoptosis is a significant regulatory mechanism in bacterial communities, impacting viral spread, mutation rates, and genetic exchange.
    • Bacterial programmed cell death shares molecular machinery with eukaryotes, suggesting conserved biological pathways.
    • Understanding bacterial phenoptosis and its regulation by quorum sensing offers novel strategies for developing antibacterial therapies.