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Related Concept Videos

Protein Glycosylation01:25

Protein Glycosylation

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Glycosylation, the most common post-translational modification for proteins, serves diverse functions. Adding sugars to proteins makes the proteins more resistant to proteolytic digestion. Glycosylated proteins can act as markers and receptors to promote cell-cell adhesion. Additionally, they have many essential quality control functions in the cell, such as correct protein folding and facilitating transport of misfolded proteins to the cytosol, which can be degraded.
Glycosylation occurs in...
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Proteoglycans01:05

Proteoglycans

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Glycans, a class of complex heterogeneous molecules, can be covalently attached to proteins to form glycosylated proteins that regulate various physiological and pathological processes. Glycosylated proteins or glycoproteins comprise N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides. O-glycosylation is the most common type of protein glycosylation. Here, glycans attach to the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl groups of Serine or Threonine residues. O-linked glycosylation occurs later in protein processing,...
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
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Glycocalyx and its Functions01:14

Glycocalyx and its Functions

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The glycocalyx is a carbohydrate-rich, fuzzy-appearing layer on the outer surface of the cell membrane. It is highly hydrophilic, because of this it attracts large amounts of water to the cell's surface. This aids the cell's interaction with the watery environment and also helps it to obtain substances dissolved in the water. It is also important for cell identification, self/non-self determination, and embryonic development and is used in cell-to-cell attachments to form tissues.
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Adaptive immune activation: glycosylation does matter.

Margreet A Wolfert1, Geert-Jan Boons

  • 1Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Athens, Georgia, USA.

Nature Chemical Biology
|November 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Protein glycosylation significantly impacts antigen presentation by Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, influencing T-cell responses and disease.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Glycobiology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules are crucial glycoproteins for presenting antigenic peptides to T lymphocytes.
  • Protein antigens undergo modifications, including glycosylation, which can affect their interaction with the immune system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the critical role of glycan modifications on protein antigens.
  • To elucidate the impact of antigen glycosylation on cellular uptake, proteolytic processing, and presentation by MHC molecules.
  • To discuss the implications of antigen glycosylation in disease pathogenesis and vaccine development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on the influence of protein glycosylation on immune function.
  • Analysis of studies examining antigen processing and presentation pathways.

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  • Synthesis of current knowledge on the role of glycosylation in immune recognition and effector functions.

    • Main Results:

    • Glycosylation of protein antigens influences their cellular uptake and proteolytic processing.
    • Antigen glycosylation affects the presentation of peptides by MHC class I and II molecules.
    • Glycosylation is integral to the function of proteins involved in T-cell recognition and immune response orchestration.

    Conclusions:

    • Protein glycosylation is a key factor modulating immune responses by affecting antigen processing and presentation.
    • Understanding antigen glycosylation is vital for developing effective strategies for disease treatment and vaccine design.
    • The glycosylation status of antigens significantly influences T-cell priming and downstream immune effector functions.