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Related Concept Videos

Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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The chi-square test is a statistical hypothesis test. It is used to check whether there is a significant difference between an expected value and an observed value. In the context of genetics, it enables us to either accept or reject a hypothesis, based on how much the observed values deviate from the expected values.
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Related Experiment Video

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A Rapid and Efficient Method for Assessing Pathogenicity of Ustilago maydis on Maize and Teosinte Lines
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Pollen competitive ability in maize: within population variability and response to selection.

E Ottaviano1, M Sari-Gorla, M Villa

  • 1Dipartimento di Genetica e di Biologia dei Microrganismi, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 26, I-20133, Milano, Italy.

TAG. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. Theoretische Und Angewandte Genetik
|November 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Male gametophytic selection in maize influences pollen tube growth and kernel weight, demonstrating gene expression in both male gametophyte and sporophyte tissues. This suggests gametophytic selection can accelerate plant evolution and manage genetic load.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant genetics
  • Evolutionary biology
  • Agricultural science

Background:

  • Male gametophytic selection is crucial for higher plant evolution.
  • Gene expression occurs in both gametophytic and sporophytic tissues.
  • Variability exists in male gametophytic fitness, but its genetic basis is debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze a synthetic maize population under gametophytic selection.
  • To evaluate the impact of selection on gametophytic and sporophytic traits.
  • To investigate the role of postmeiotic gene expression in plant evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Recurrent gametophytic selection scheme applied to a synthetic maize population.
  • Evaluation of pollen viability, germination time, pollen tube growth rate, and mean kernel weight.
  • Analysis of genetic variability and response to selection over two cycles.

Main Results:

  • Pollen viability and germination time showed genetic variability but were unaffected by gametophytic selection, indicating sporophytic control.
  • Pollen tube growth rate was significantly impacted, with 21.6% of genetic variability released by selection.
  • Mean kernel weight (a sporophytic trait) showed a correlated response, with 15.67% of variability released.

Conclusions:

  • Pollen competitive ability and kernel development are significantly influenced by genes expressed in both gametophytic and sporophytic tissues.
  • Gametophytic selection can drive a higher evolutionary rate than sporophytic selection in plants.
  • Gametophytic selection effectively regulates genetic variability by removing genetic load generated by recombination.