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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Many human characteristics, like height, are shaped by both nature—in other words, by our genes—and by nurture, or our environment. For example, chronic stress during childhood inhibits the production of growth hormones and consequently reduces bone growth and height. Scientists estimate that 70-90% of variation in height is due to genetic differences among individuals, and 10-30% of variation in height is due to differences in the environments that individuals experience,...
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Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic demands of stomach cells are different from those of fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. Furthermore, a digestive cell works much harder to process and break down nutrients during the time that closely follows a meal compared with many hours after a meal. As these cellular demands and conditions vary, so do the amounts and...
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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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The effects of thyroid hormones and starvation on hepatic mitochondrial nucleic acids of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

General and comparative endocrinology·1991
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Preliminary study on the effect of temperature on the transport of thyroxine (T4) into the body tissues and sub-cellular fractions of liver and muscle of carp, Cyprinus carpio.

Acta physiologica latino americana·1983
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The effect of thyroid hormones and temperature on protein and nucleic acid contents of liver and muscle of Sarotherodon mossambica.

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Effect of dietary protein level, and an anabolic steroid, ethylestrenol, on the growth, food conversion efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).

The British journal of nutrition·1982
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Inhibition of thyroidal iodine release by oestrogens in euthyroid subjects.

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Effects of quantity and quality of dietary protein on certain enzyme activities in rainbow trout.

The Journal of nutrition·1981

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Evaluation of Amino Acid Consumption in Cultured Bone Cells and Isolated Bone Shafts
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Nutrition, hormones and growth.

A J Matty1

  • 1Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, FK94LA, Stirling, Scotland.

Fish Physiology and Biochemistry
|November 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary

This review explores how hormones influence fish feeding and nutritional status, and vice versa. Understanding these interactions is key for optimizing fish growth and aquaculture practices, especially concerning protein intake.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Fish Biology
  • Aquaculture

Background:

  • Hormones play a crucial role in regulating food intake and nutritional state in fish.
  • The interplay between nutritional status and hormone activity significantly impacts fish physiology and growth.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the complex interactions between hormones, food intake, nutritional state, and fish growth.
  • To examine the role of specific hormones (growth hormone, thyroid hormones, insulin, gonadal steroids) in fish metabolism and growth.
  • To assess the potential of anabolic steroids in aquaculture, focusing on protein intake.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on hormonal regulation of feeding and metabolism in fish.
  • Analysis of studies investigating the effects of hormone variations and administration on food intake and conversion efficiency.

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  • Examination of current research trends and findings regarding anabolic steroids in aquaculture.

    • Main Results:

    • Growth hormone, thyroid hormones, insulin, and gonadal steroids are integral to fish growth and metabolism, responding to nutritional status.
    • Altered plasma hormone levels and exogenous hormone application can modulate food intake and food conversion efficiency in fish.
    • Anabolic steroids show promise for aquaculture, with ongoing research into their efficacy and impact on protein utilization.

    Conclusions:

    • The bidirectional relationship between hormones and nutrition is a critical determinant of fish growth.
    • Hormonal manipulation and understanding nutritional states are vital for enhancing fish growth and aquaculture productivity.
    • Further research into anabolic steroids is warranted to optimize their application in sustainable aquaculture systems.