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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Estimation of Contact Regions Between Hands and Objects During Human Multi-Digit Grasping
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More than two HANDs to tango.

Dennis Kolson, Shilpa Buch

    Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology : the Official Journal of the Society on Neuroimmune Pharmacology
    |November 16, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary

    The International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS) identified cognitive impairment in 41% of HIV-infected patients. This rapid assessment tool revealed novel associations between cognitive decline and African American race, alongside age and depression.

    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Infectious Diseases
    • Public Health

    Background:

    • HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) pose a significant challenge in clinical settings.
    • Current diagnostic criteria, like the Frascati criteria, are time-consuming.
    • A validated, rapid assessment tool for cognitive functioning in HIV patients remains an unmet need.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the utility of the International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS) as a substitute for the Frascati criteria in a U.S. outpatient clinic.
    • To determine the prevalence of cognitive impairment (symptomatic HAND) using the IHDS.
    • To identify factors associated with cognitive impairment in an HIV-infected population.

    Main Methods:

    • A cross-sectional study assessed 507 individuals in a U.S. urban outpatient clinic using the IHDS.

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  • Cognitive impairment was labeled as 'symptomatic HAND'.
  • Statistical analyses identified associations between cognitive impairment and demographic/clinical factors.

    • Main Results:

    • A 41% prevalence of symptomatic HAND was observed in the cohort.
    • Cognitive impairment was significantly associated with African American race, older age, unemployment, lower education level, and depression.
    • A novel association was found between African American ancestry and cognitive impairment in HIV-infected individuals.

    Conclusions:

    • The IHDS demonstrates utility for rapid cognitive screening in HIV-infected patients in outpatient settings.
    • The study highlights the importance of considering race/ancestry, age, socioeconomic factors, and mental health in HAND assessment.
    • Further research is needed on selective population vulnerability and refining HAND assessment tools and criteria.