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Related Concept Videos

Learning Disabilities01:25

Learning Disabilities

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Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.
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Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
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Pedigree Analysis01:35

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Intellectual Disability01:29

Intellectual Disability

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Intellectual disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in intellectual and adaptive functioning that manifest during the developmental period. This condition encompasses challenges in reasoning, memory, problem-solving, and learning, accompanied by impairments in everyday life skills, such as communication, self-care, and social interactions. Intellectual disability affects approximately 1% of the population in the United States, impacting an estimated 5...
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Sex-linked Disorders01:43

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Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties
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Familial patterns of learning disabilities.

S Smith1

  • 1Sequim School District, Sequim, Washington.

Annals of Dyslexia
|November 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Learning disabilities (LD) show strong familial patterns, likely influenced by major genes, but specific disability types are not directly inherited. Autoimmune disorders are significantly correlated with LD, especially when it persists into adulthood.

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Neurodevelopmental Disorders
  • Pediatric Medicine

Background:

  • Learning disabilities (LD) represent a significant challenge in academic achievement.
  • Familial aggregation of LD suggests a potential genetic component.
  • The relationship between LD and other health conditions, such as autoimmune disorders, warrants further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the familial patterns and inheritance of learning disabilities.
  • To explore the correlation between learning disabilities and autoimmune disorders.
  • To examine the persistence of learning disabilities from childhood into adulthood within families.

Main Methods:

  • Pedigree analysis was used to assess familial aggregation of LD.
  • Achievement tests (PIAT, WRAT) were administered to classify individuals as LD or non-LD.

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  • Questionnaires and clinical assessments were employed to gather data on family history and health conditions.

    • Main Results:

    • Learning disabilities demonstrated a strong familial pattern, with evidence suggesting a major gene effect.
    • The specific type of learning disability (reading vs. math) was not directly inherited.
    • A significant correlation was found between LD and autoimmune disorders (P<.005).
    • LD persistence into adulthood varied among families, with some adults showing improvement while others did not.

    Conclusions:

    • Learning disabilities have a substantial genetic basis, likely involving major genes.
    • Autoimmune disorders are associated with learning disabilities, particularly in cases of persistent adult LD.
    • The manifestation and progression of learning disabilities can differ significantly even within affected families.