Browning-associated mechanisms of resistance to insects in corn callus tissue

Callus of the fungus- and insect-resistant corn inbred, Mp313E, of differing ages and degrees of brownness was tested for effects on neonate larvae of the corn earworm,Helicoverpa zea. Older, browner, 8-week-old callus caused significantly higher mortality ofH. zea after two days compared to larvae fed 5-week-old callus (brown or not) or pinto bean diet. Larvae fed on the 5-week-old callus were significantly smaller after nine days compared to those fed on nonbrown callus of the same age. Ferulic acid,p-coumaric acid, and sinapic acid, corn allelochemicals associated with cell walls, were oxidized (produced a brown product) up to 10-fold more rapidly by peroxidase preparations of the brown callus compared to nonbrown callus. Peroxidase isozymes from both types of brown callus separated by conventional gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing showed more intense anodic/acidic bands compared to peroxidase isozymes separated from the nonbrown callus. Some additional peroxidase isozymes were also present in the brown callus and were able to oxidize ferulic acid. Conventional extraction techniques for phenolic acids indicated free ferulic acid levels were similar for same-age callus, but somewhat less for older callus; no freep-coumaric acid was detected. For esterified and insoluble-bound phenolic content, the level ofp-coumaric acid was higher than that of ferulic acid and was somewhat greater in insoluble-bound fractions for the old callus compared to the younger callus. Color ratings of aqueous extracts and phenolic acid extract residues indicated much brown material remained, which was proportional in color to the original material. The differential insect response to, and peroxidase activity of, brown vs. nonbrown callus were similar to results previously noted for brown pericarps of corn compared to nonbrown pericarps. This information suggests the peroxidases are contributing to the browning through oxidation of phenolic acids and thereby enhancing resistance to insects.