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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
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Cosmic evolution from phase transition of three-dimensional flat space.

Arjun Bagchi1, Stephane Detournay, Daniel Grumiller

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Hot flat space transitions into flat space cosmology at high temperatures, revealing a novel phase transition in three-dimensional gravity theories like Einstein gravity.

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Area of Science:

  • Theoretical physics
  • Gravitational physics
  • Cosmology

Background:

  • Flat space cosmology spacetimes are exact time-dependent solutions in 3D gravity.
  • These solutions are relevant for theories such as Einstein gravity and topologically massive gravity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate a novel phase transition between cosmological spacetimes and the Minkowski vacuum.
  • To explore the behavior of hot flat space at high temperatures.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of exact time-dependent solutions in three-dimensional gravity theories.
  • Investigation of phase transitions under varying temperature conditions.

Main Results:

  • A novel phase transition between flat space cosmology and the Minkowski vacuum is exhibited.
  • At high temperatures, (rotating) hot flat space transitions into a universe described by flat space cosmology.

Conclusions:

  • The study demonstrates a new phase transition in three-dimensional gravity.
  • Temperature plays a crucial role in the transition between different spacetime geometries.