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A chemoreceptor that detects molecular carbon dioxide.

Ewan St John Smith1, Luis Martinez-Velazquez, Niels Ringstad

  • 1From the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Molecular Neurobiology Program and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York 10016 and.

The Journal of Biological Chemistry
|November 19, 2013
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Summary

This study reveals that CO2-sensing neurons in C. elegans primarily detect molecular carbon dioxide (CO2), not just its metabolites. This finding suggests a broader role for direct CO2 detection in neural pathways across species.

Keywords:
C. elegansCarbon DioxideChemotransductionCyclic GMP (cGMP)NeuronsReceptors

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Chemosensation
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Neurons detecting carbon dioxide (CO2) are present across diverse animal phyla.
  • Previously, it was believed these neurons primarily sensed CO2 metabolites like protons and bicarbonate.
  • Understanding the precise chemical tuning of these CO2 chemosensory neurons is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the chemical tuning of isolated CO2 chemosensory BAG neurons in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
  • To elucidate the specific molecules and ions that activate these neurons.
  • To identify the molecular components involved in CO2 transduction.

Main Methods:

  • Isolation and study of BAG neurons from Caenorhabditis elegans.
  • Chemical stimulation assays to determine neuronal response profiles.
  • Genetic analysis of the guanylate cyclase GCY-9 in the CO2 transduction pathway.

Main Results:

  • BAG neurons are principally tuned to detect molecular CO2.
  • These neurons can also be activated by acid stimuli.
  • The guanylate cyclase GCY-9 is a bifunctional chemoreceptor, sensing both molecular CO2 and acid.

Conclusions:

  • The findings challenge the long-held assumption that CO2-sensing neurons exclusively detect metabolites.
  • The receptor-type guanylate cyclase GCY-9 plays a key role in sensing both molecular CO2 and acid.
  • This study suggests that direct molecular CO2 detection by receptors may mediate CO2's effects on neural circuits and behavior in other animals.