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Positive Regulator Molecules

Positive Regulator Molecules

Mitotic cell division results in daughter cells that exactly resemble the parent cell. However, errors in the DNA replication or distribution of genetic material may lead to genetic mutations that may be passed down to every new cell formed from the resulting abnormal cell. Propagation of such mutant cells is restricted through checkpoint mechanisms present at different stages of the cell cycle. These checkpoints involve regulator molecules that either promote or demote cell cycle events.

Positive Regulator Molecules

Positive Regulator Molecules

To consistently produce healthy cells, the cell cycle—the process that generates daughter cells—must be precisely regulated.

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M cyclin...

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Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Experimental Design for Laser Microdissection RNA-Seq: Lessons from an Analysis of Maize Leaf Development

Experimental Design for Laser Microdissection RNA-Seq: Lessons from an Analysis of Maize Leaf Development

Published on: March 5, 2017

Cyclin-dependent kinase complexes in developing maize endosperm: evidence for differential expression and functional

Ricardo A Dante¹, Paolo A Sabelli, Hong N Nguyen

¹School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, 303 Forbes, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.

|November 19, 2013

Summary

Maize endosperm cell cycle regulation involves specific cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) expression patterns. Endoreduplication is linked to reduced cyclin degradation, impacting plant development.

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Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize

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Published on: January 14, 2016

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Experimental Design for Laser Microdissection RNA-Seq: Lessons from an Analysis of Maize Leaf Development

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Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize

Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize

Published on: January 14, 2016

Area of Science:

Plant Molecular Biology
Cell Cycle Regulation
Cereal Crop Development

Background:

Endosperm development in maize (Zea mays L.) and cereals involves cell proliferation followed by endoreduplication.
The precise regulation of the cell cycle during endosperm development is not well understood.
Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) complexes are master regulators of the cell cycle in eukaryotes.

Purpose of the Study:

To characterize the expression profiles of various cyclin and CDK subunits during maize endosperm development.
To elucidate the roles of specific cyclins and CDKs in regulating cell proliferation and endoreduplication.

Main Methods:

Analysis of RNA and protein expression profiles for A-, B-, and D-type cyclins and A- and B-type CDKs.
Localization studies of specific cyclin proteins within endosperm cells.
Assessment of kinase activity associated with different cyclin complexes.
Investigation of proteasome-dependent degradation of cyclins in mitotic versus endoreduplicating endosperm.

Main Results:

Two distinct expression patterns were observed: continuous expression and sharp down-regulation at endoreduplication onset.
Specific cyclin and CDK proteins exhibited distinct localization and expression dynamics correlating with cell proliferation or endoreduplication.
Kinase activity peaked at different developmental stages, with CDKB1;1 associated with proliferation and others with the transition to endoreduplication.
Cyclins showed increased resistance to proteasome-dependent degradation during endoreduplication compared to mitosis.

Conclusions:

Maize endosperm development is regulated by differential expression and activity of specific cyclins and CDKs.
Endoreduplication in maize endosperm is associated with reduced cyclin proteolysis via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
These findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms controlling cereal endosperm development and cell cycle progression.