Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

892
Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
892
Learning Disabilities01:25

Learning Disabilities

711
Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.
Dyslexia
Dyslexia is a...
711
Genetic Variation01:25

Genetic Variation

1.7K
Genetic variation is the diversity in DNA sequences found among individuals of the same species. This diversity is crucial for a species' survival because it helps organisms adapt to environmental changes. Genetic variation begins with fertilization, where an egg and sperm cell merge. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, up to 46 in the fertilized egg. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, the basic units of heredity.
Genes exist in different versions called alleles,...
1.7K
Variation: Normal Distribution, Range, and Standard Deviation02:32

Variation: Normal Distribution, Range, and Standard Deviation

24.8K
In the field of psychology, there are several ways to organize measurements of a trait, feature, or characteristic (i.e., variables). Qualitative data, such as ethnicity, can be tabulated into a frequency count to provide information about the proportion, as well as the variety of groups in a sample or population. On the other hand, researchers can perform a wider set of calculations on quantitative data. The mean, mode, and median, for instance, are central tendency measures to identify a...
24.8K
Alterations in Muscle Tone ll01:12

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

31
Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...
31
Lateralization01:28

Lateralization

1.4K
Brain lateralization refers to the division of mental processes and functions between the two hemispheres of the brain, a phenomenon that optimizes neural efficiency and underpins complex abilities in humans. This specialization allows each hemisphere to perform tasks where it has a comparative advantage, facilitating more refined cognitive capabilities across different domains.
1.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Rorschach responses of dyslexic children.

Annals of dyslexia·2013
Same author

Dyslexia and musical notation.

Annals of dyslexia·2013
Same author

Naming ability and oral fluency in dyslexic adolescents.

Annals of dyslexia·2013
Same author

Ordinary language: The contributions of Gilbert Ryle and John Austin to the experimental analysis of behavior.

The Behavior analyst·2012
Same author

Extraneous bodily movements and irrelevant vocalizations by dyslexic and non-dyslexic boys during calculation tasks.

Dyslexia (Chichester, England)·2008
Same author

Motor performance and dyslexia in a national cohort of 10-year-old children.

Dyslexia (Chichester, England)·2007
Same journal

Analyzing state dyslexia legislation through the lens of oral language: an exploratory study.

Annals of dyslexia·2026
Same journal

Back on track: remediating developmental dyslexia with a home-based multi-component program.

Annals of dyslexia·2026
Same journal

Using latent profiles to evaluate response to a language-based intervention.

Annals of dyslexia·2026
Same journal

Public awareness, knowledge and attitudes towards dyslexia in China.

Annals of dyslexia·2026
Same journal

Correction: Defining dyslexia: 2025 revision.

Annals of dyslexia·2026
Same journal

Correction: A national test of dyslexia.

Annals of dyslexia·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Assessing Dyslexia at Six Year of Age
15:00

Assessing Dyslexia at Six Year of Age

Published on: May 1, 2020

8.1K

Dyslexia: Anomaly or normal variation?

T R Miles1, M N Haslum

  • 1University College of North Wales, Bangor, United Kingdom.

Annals of Dyslexia
|November 19, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study investigated dyslexia in 12,905 children. Findings suggest dyslexia is an anomaly, not normal variation, based on educational and cognitive test results.

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Validation of SICOLE-R for Assessing Cognitive and Reading Skills in Spanish-Speaking Children and Its Role in Personalized Education
09:00

Author Spotlight: Validation of SICOLE-R for Assessing Cognitive and Reading Skills in Spanish-Speaking Children and Its Role in Personalized Education

Published on: August 16, 2024

1.3K
Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties
12:55

Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties

Published on: September 27, 2020

7.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 5, 2026

Assessing Dyslexia at Six Year of Age
15:00

Assessing Dyslexia at Six Year of Age

Published on: May 1, 2020

8.1K
Author Spotlight: Validation of SICOLE-R for Assessing Cognitive and Reading Skills in Spanish-Speaking Children and Its Role in Personalized Education
09:00

Author Spotlight: Validation of SICOLE-R for Assessing Cognitive and Reading Skills in Spanish-Speaking Children and Its Role in Personalized Education

Published on: August 16, 2024

1.3K
Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties
12:55

Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties

Published on: September 27, 2020

7.6K

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Educational Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Dyslexia is a complex developmental disorder affecting reading acquisition.
  • Understanding the underlying mechanisms of dyslexia is crucial for effective intervention.
  • Distinguishing between normal variation and anomalous conditions is key in diagnosing dyslexia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the nature of dyslexia in a large cohort of children.
  • To test the hypothesis that dyslexia represents normal variation in cognitive abilities.
  • To explore the alternative hypothesis that dyslexia is an anomaly.

Main Methods:

  • A large-scale survey of 12,905 ten-year-old children.
  • Administration of diverse educational and cognitive tests relevant to dyslexia diagnosis.
  • Statistical analysis of score distributions to compare with variation models.

Main Results:

  • Score distributions were found to be incompatible with the hypothesis of normal variation.
  • Evidence gathered challenges the notion that dyslexia is merely a part of the normal spectrum of reading ability.
  • The study provides empirical support for dyslexia as a distinct condition.

Conclusions:

  • The findings lend support to the anomaly hypothesis of dyslexia.
  • Dyslexia is presented as a condition deviating from typical developmental trajectories.
  • Further research is warranted to elucidate the specific anomalies underlying dyslexia.