Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

15.3K
When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze...
15.3K
Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers

6.1K
Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
6.1K
Phosphorylation01:02

Phosphorylation

44.8K
The addition or removal of phosphate groups from proteins is the most common chemical modification that regulates cellular processes. These modifications can affect the structure, activity, stability, and localization of proteins within cells as well as their interactions with other proteins.
During phosphorylation, protein kinases transfer the terminal phosphate group of ATP to specific amino acid side chains of substrate proteins. Serine, threonine, and tyrosine are the most commonly...
44.8K
Cell Signaling Feedback Loops01:07

Cell Signaling Feedback Loops

5.9K
Positive and negative feedback loops are crucial for regulating biological signaling systems. These feedback loops are processes that connect output signals to their inputs.
Negative feedback loops
Most signaling systems have negative feedback loops that can perform different functions such as output limiter, and adaptation.
Output limiter
Upon receiving an input signal, the cellular response rapidly increases until a threshold is reached. Beyond this threshold, a negative feedback loop...
5.9K
Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses01:22

Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses

7.1K
The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
Graded and Abrupt Responses
Some signaling systems generate...
7.1K
Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

Phosphoinositides and PIPs

7.7K
Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
Different phosphoinositides are synthesized and recruited on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. The localization of specific phosphoinositides concentrated in separate membrane...
7.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Cellular coordination underpins rapid reversals in gliding filamentous cyanobacteria and its loss results in plectonemes.

eLife·2025
Same author

Niche formation and metabolic interactions contribute to stable diversity in a spatially structured cyanobacterial community.

The ISME journal·2025
Same author

Single-Cell Analysis with Spatiotemporal Control of Local pH.

ACS measurement science au·2025
Same author

Measuring linkage disequilibrium and improvement of pruning and clumping in structured populations.

Genetics·2025
Same author

Emergence of synchronized growth oscillations in filamentous fungi.

Journal of the Royal Society, Interface·2024
Same author

Ammonia leakage can underpin nitrogen-sharing among soil microorganisms.

The ISME journal·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Phospho Flow Cytometry with Fluorescent Cell Barcoding for Single Cell Signaling Analysis and Biomarker Discovery
08:38

Phospho Flow Cytometry with Fluorescent Cell Barcoding for Single Cell Signaling Analysis and Biomarker Discovery

Published on: October 4, 2018

20.8K

Phosphorelays provide tunable signal processing capabilities for the cell.

Varun B Kothamachu1, Elisenda Feliu, Carsten Wiuf

  • 1Systems Biology Program, College of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.

Plos Computational Biology
|November 19, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Understanding cellular signal transduction involves linking system structure to signal-response curves. This study reveals how kinetic rates and protein levels in phosphorelays tune these relationships, impacting physiological responses.

More Related Videos

Monitoring Kinase and Phosphatase Activities Through the Cell Cycle by Ratiometric FRET
13:38

Monitoring Kinase and Phosphatase Activities Through the Cell Cycle by Ratiometric FRET

Published on: January 27, 2012

13.7K
Utilizing pHluorin-tagged Receptors to Monitor Subcellular Localization and Trafficking
09:59

Utilizing pHluorin-tagged Receptors to Monitor Subcellular Localization and Trafficking

Published on: March 16, 2017

8.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 5, 2026

Phospho Flow Cytometry with Fluorescent Cell Barcoding for Single Cell Signaling Analysis and Biomarker Discovery
08:38

Phospho Flow Cytometry with Fluorescent Cell Barcoding for Single Cell Signaling Analysis and Biomarker Discovery

Published on: October 4, 2018

20.8K
Monitoring Kinase and Phosphatase Activities Through the Cell Cycle by Ratiometric FRET
13:38

Monitoring Kinase and Phosphatase Activities Through the Cell Cycle by Ratiometric FRET

Published on: January 27, 2012

13.7K
Utilizing pHluorin-tagged Receptors to Monitor Subcellular Localization and Trafficking
09:59

Utilizing pHluorin-tagged Receptors to Monitor Subcellular Localization and Trafficking

Published on: March 16, 2017

8.5K

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  • Systems Biology
  • Cellular Signaling

Background:

  • Cellular signal transduction is crucial for understanding biological processes.
  • Phosphorelays are common signaling systems in prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and plants.
  • The relationship between a signaling system's structure and its signal-response curve is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a quantitative link between the structural and biochemical properties of phosphorelays and their signal-response relationship.
  • To investigate how kinetic rates and protein concentrations influence the shape of signal-response curves in four-layered phosphorelays.
  • To provide a framework for predicting phosphorelay dynamics and evolutionary adaptations.

Main Methods:

  • Development of explicit analytical expressions to model phosphorelay dynamics.
  • Utilizing numerical simulations to explore parameter space and validate analytical findings.
  • Derivation of mathematical conditions governing signal-response curve shapes.

Main Results:

  • An analytical expression was derived relating signal-response shape to kinetic rates (forward, reverse phosphorylation, and hydrolysis).
  • Specific phosphorelay topologies can exhibit tunable signal-response relationships (hyperbolic to sigmoidal) by altering kinetic rates and protein levels.
  • The ratio of reverse to forward phosphorylation rate constants is a key determinant of the signal-response curve shape.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a predictive framework for phosphorelay response dynamics based on topological features and kinetic measurements.
  • Findings suggest that evolutionary pressures on signal processing may have shaped the observed biochemical and structural characteristics of phosphorelays.
  • Understanding these relationships is vital for predicting cellular responses and the evolution of signaling pathways.