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Related Concept Videos

Design Example: Analyzing Capacity Contours for Flood Risk Assessment01:17

Design Example: Analyzing Capacity Contours for Flood Risk Assessment

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Flood risk assessment involves careful planning and analysis to ensure the safety of communities near water retention structures. Capacity contours are a vital tool in this process, as they illustrate the potential spread of water at specific levels in a given area. In the context of building a bund across a small valley, these contours play a critical role in evaluating the safety of nearby residential areas.In this example, the bund is intended to store stormwater in the valley. The engineers...
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When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules move randomly about, they will occasionally collide with the surface of the condensed phase, and in some cases, these collisions will result in the molecules re-entering the condensed phase. The change from the gas phase to the liquid is called condensation. When the rate of condensation becomes equal to the rate of vaporization, neither the amount of the liquid nor the amount of the vapor...
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The equilibrium vapor pressure of a liquid is the pressure exerted by its gaseous phase when vaporization and condensation are occurring at equal rates: Dissolving a nonvolatile substance in volatile liquid results in a lowering of the liquid’s vapor pressure. This phenomenon can be explained by considering the effect of added solute molecules on the liquid's vaporization and condensation processes. To vaporize, solvent molecules must be present at the surface of the solution. The...
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The vapor pressure of a fluid is a crucial concept in fluid mechanics, influencing phenomena such as boiling and cavitation. Vapor pressure refers to the pressure exerted by a vapor at a state of thermodynamic equilibrium with its corresponding liquid phase at a specific temperature. It represents the tendency of molecules to escape from the fluid surface into the vapor phase.
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Pharmacodynamic Models: Link Model and Systems Pharmacodynamic Model01:14

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The link model is a fundamental pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK–PD) approach to account for delayed drug responses when the observed effect does not immediately correlate with the drug's plasma concentration peak. This delay is mathematically addressed by introducing an effect compartment concentration, Ce, which is kinetically linked to the plasma concentration, Cp, via a first-order rate constant, ke0. The linkage allows for a more accurate prediction of drug effects over time. A...
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Physical models representing molecular architectures of chemical compounds play essential roles in understanding chemistry. The use of molecular models makes it easier to visualize the structures and shapes of atoms and molecules.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

An Air-liquid Interface Bronchial Epithelial Model for Realistic, Repeated Inhalation Exposure to Airborne Particles for Toxicity Testing
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A three-dimensional numerical model for linking community-wide vapour risks.

Nizar Mustafa1, Kevin G Mumford, Jason I Gerhard

  • 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada.

Journal of Contaminant Hydrology
|November 20, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new 3D model simulates contaminant transport from groundwater to buildings, assessing community-wide risks. It shows remediation needs depend on receptor distance and source concentration, even for widespread contamination.

Keywords:
Community scaleReactive transportRisk assessmentVapour intrusion

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Engineering
  • Hydrogeology
  • Risk Assessment

Background:

  • Contaminant transport from saturated to vadose zones poses risks.
  • Vapour intrusion into buildings is a significant environmental concern.
  • Current models often lack 3D, large-scale simulation capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel 3D numerical model coupling saturated zone transport, vadose zone vapour transport, and vapour intrusion.
  • To enable large-scale (kilometre) risk assessment for community receptors.
  • To investigate the impact of heterogeneous site conditions on contaminant transport and risk.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a 3D numerical model integrating saturated and vadose zone processes.
  • Incorporated heterogeneous soil properties (permeability, organic carbon, sorption, biodegradation).
  • Performed verification and benchmarking tests, followed by exploratory simulations.

Main Results:

  • Simulations demonstrate risk is sensitive to receptor location relative to the source and plume.
  • Less source concentration reduction is needed for community receptors compared to site-boundary receptors.
  • High initial source concentrations still necessitate significant remediation (>99% reduction).

Conclusions:

  • The coupled model provides a new tool for community-wide contaminated site risk assessment.
  • It facilitates policy development and technical approaches for managing contaminated sites.
  • The model enhances understanding of vapour intrusion dynamics influenced by evolving plumes.