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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

30
Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

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Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

71
DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic...
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Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

47
A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial...
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Updated: May 5, 2026

Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Autoimmune encephalitis: recent updates and emerging challenges.

Sudarshini Ramanathan1, Shekeeb S Mohammad2, Fabienne Brilot3

  • 1Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia; Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Journal of Clinical Neuroscience : Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia
|November 20, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autoimmune encephalitis, particularly neuronal surface antibody syndromes (NSAS), involves immune system attacks on the brain. Early diagnosis and immunotherapy improve outcomes for these complex neurological disorders.

Keywords:
Anti-NMDAR encephalitisAutoimmune encephalitisAutoimmune epilepsyBasal ganglia encephalitisLimbic encephalitisVGKC encephalitis

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Neurology
  • Autoimmunity

Background:

  • Recent advances have significantly expanded the understanding of immune dysregulation and autoimmunity in neurological disorders.
  • Early recognition, diagnosis, and immunotherapy are crucial for favorable outcomes in acute and subacute neurological conditions.
  • Autoimmune encephalitis represents a rapidly evolving area within neuroimmunology.

Observation:

  • This review differentiates between limbic encephalitis targeting intracellular antigens and neuronal surface antibody syndromes (NSAS).
  • NSAS involves antibodies against neuronal cell surface receptors or synaptic proteins.
  • Key developments in NSAS include voltage-gated potassium channel complex-associated encephalitis, anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis, and anti-dopamine 2 receptor antibody-associated basal ganglia encephalitis.

Findings:

  • Complexities surrounding serum antibodies as biomarkers, the initiation of CNS autoimmunity, and pathogenic mechanisms are reviewed.
  • Therapeutic challenges, including treatment timing and the role of second-line therapies, are discussed.
  • Clinical vignettes highlight crucial concepts for managing autoimmune encephalitis.

Implications:

  • Future research will focus on identifying novel antigens and establishing their pathogenicity.
  • Evaluating the most efficacious therapeutic strategies for established NSAS is essential.
  • Improved understanding and management of autoimmune encephalitis can lead to better patient outcomes and reduced neurological morbidity.