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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

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The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
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The gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication system that connects the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. This interaction is mediated through multiple pathways, including the vagus nerve, hormonal signals, immune responses, and chemical messengers produced by gut microbes.Microbial Contributions to Brain FunctionGut microbiota contributes significantly to brain function by producing neuroactive compounds. These include neuroactive compounds that influence neurotransmitters such...
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The Oral Microbiota01:27

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The oral microbiome includes a complex ecosystem comprising over 700 microbial species, identified through genomic sequencing and culture-based analyses to date. This community includes a core microbiome, found universally among individuals, and a variable component influenced by environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, and host genetics. Site-specific conditions, including oxygen gradients, pH levels, and nutrient availability, determine the spatial distribution of these microorganisms...
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome I: Introduction01:17

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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is characterized by functional disturbances in the gastrointestinal system, presenting a cluster of symptoms without evident structural or biochemical abnormalities. It primarily affects the large intestine and may cause abdominal pain, bloating, excessive gas, diarrhea, constipation, or both.
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DefinitionIrritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by recurrent combinations of abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, or constipation.Pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndromeIts pathophysiology is multifactorial, involving disturbances in motility, sensory processing, microbial balance, barrier integrity, and gut–brain communication. These mechanisms interact to produce symptoms that vary across IBS subtypes.Altered Motility...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
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The human gut microbiome and its dysfunctions.

Stanislas Mondot1, Tomas de Wouters, Joël Doré

  • 1Institut Curie, U932, Paris, France.

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The human gut microbiota, comprising trillions of microbes, maintains a symbiotic balance with the host. Disruptions to this ecosystem, like from antibiotics, can lead to disease, but therapies like fecal transplants show promise.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Human Physiology
  • Ecology

Background:

  • The human gut harbors over 100 trillion microorganisms, forming the gut microbiota.
  • This microbiota co-evolved with humans, establishing a symbiotic relationship crucial for physiological homeostasis.
  • The gut microbiota performs essential functions that human cells cannot, while the host provides a nutrient-rich environment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the symbiotic relationship between the human gut microbiota and its host.
  • To understand the resilience and stability of the gut microbial ecosystem under perturbations.
  • To investigate the link between gut microbiota dysbiosis and associated pathologies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on gut microbiota composition and function.
  • Analysis of the impact of perturbations, such as antibiotic treatment, on microbial resilience.
  • Exploration of metagenomic applications for deciphering microbial functions and networks.

Main Results:

  • The gut microbiota exhibits resilience to perturbations, recolonizing to a similar state after disturbances.
  • Recurrent perturbations can diminish the gut microbiome's resilience capacity.
  • Alterations in gut microbiota composition and diversity are linked to diseases like inflammatory bowel disease and obesity.

Conclusions:

  • A destructured gut ecosystem, rather than specific bacteria, appears implicated in pathologies.
  • Metagenomics offers potential for identifying key functions and networks in health maintenance.
  • Fecal microbiota transplantation and synthetic microbiome transplantation are promising therapeutic strategies for dysbiosis.