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Related Concept Videos

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Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners01:20

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Opioids are a class of drugs that mimic endogenous opioid peptides and act on opioid receptors, and help in pain relief. These compounds are classified as natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic. Natural opioids, like morphine, codeine, and thebaine, are derived from the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum or Papaver album) and are termed opiates. Synthetic opioids are artificial, while semi-synthetic opioids combine natural and synthetic compounds. Morphine, a prototypical opioid, possesses a...
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Opioid Receptors: Overview01:22

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Opioid receptors, including the mu (μ, MOR), delta (δ, DOR), and kappa (κ, KOR) types, belong to the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are located throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems and in non-neuronal tissues such as macrophages and astrocytes. Opioid receptor ligands can be categorized into agonists or antagonists. Highly selective agonists include [d-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly(ol)5]-enkephalin or DAMGO for MOR, [D-Pen2,...
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Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Opioids as Antidiarrheal Agents01:17

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Diarrhea, a condition marked by frequent loose or watery bowel movements, can be triggered by multiple factors such as viral or bacterial infections, food intolerances, anxiety, medications, and digestive disorders. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, and cramping. Severe or prolonged diarrhea can lead to complications like electrolyte imbalances, malnutrition, and dehydration if left untreated.
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Desensitization and Tachyphylaxis01:20

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Tachyphylaxis is described as a rapid decrease in response to a drug after repeated or continuous administration of the same drug dose. It is a phenomenon where the body becomes less responsive to a particular substance or intervention over time, requiring higher doses or stronger interventions to achieve the same effect. It results from adaptive changes in the body's receptors, signaling pathways, or physiological processes that occur in response to prolonged exposure to a stimulus.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Assessment of Morphine-induced Hyperalgesia and Analgesic Tolerance in Mice Using Thermal and Mechanical Nociceptive Modalities
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Gabapentin attenuates morphine tolerance through interleukin-10.

Yu-Hua Bao1, Quan-Hong Zhou, Rui Chen

  • 1aPain Management Center bDepartment of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Six People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.

Neuroreport
|November 20, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gabapentin enhances morphine

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Inflammation Research

Background:

  • Opioid tolerance reduces pain relief.
  • Inflammation plays a role in opioid tolerance.
  • Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how gabapentin reduces morphine tolerance.
  • To explore the anti-inflammatory mechanisms involved.

Main Methods:

  • Rats received chronic intrathecal morphine with or without gabapentin.
  • Spinal cord cytokine levels (proinflammatory and IL-10) were measured.
  • The effect of anti-IL-10 antibodies on gabapentin's action was assessed.

Main Results:

  • Chronic morphine increased proinflammatory cytokines and decreased IL-10 in rat spinal cords.
  • Gabapentin co-administration with morphine minimized these cytokine changes.
  • Anti-IL-10 antibodies reversed the effects of gabapentin.

Conclusions:

  • Gabapentin may attenuate morphine tolerance by upregulating IL-10.
  • Gabapentin's action involves inhibiting spinal cord proinflammatory cytokines.
  • Gabapentin enhances morphine's pain-relieving effects and combats tolerance via anti-inflammatory pathways.