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Related Concept Videos

Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature01:13

Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature

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Body temperature can be assessed using various devices and measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Glass-bulb Thermometer:
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A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
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Any physical property that depends consistently and reproducibly on temperature can be used as the basis of a thermometer. For example, volume increases with temperature for most substances. This property is the basis for the common alcohol thermometer and the original mercury thermometers. Other properties used to measure temperature include electrical resistance, color, and the emission of infrared radiation.
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In pipe flow measurement, orifice, nozzle, and Venturi meters are commonly used to determine fluid flowrates by constricting the flow area, which increases fluid velocity and reduces pressure. This pressure difference, governed by Bernoulli's principle and adjusted for real-world conditions, is essential for calculating flowrate. Each meter type is suited to specific applications based on accuracy, efficiency, and compatibility with various flow conditions.
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Measurement of Fluid Pressure01:16

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Fluid pressure is commonly measured using devices called manometers, which rely on liquid columns to indicate pressure differences. The height of a liquid column in a manometer reflects the pressure exerted by the fluid, providing a simple yet effective means of measurement. Different types of manometers serve specific purposes based on their configurations and the type of fluids involved.
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Assessing Body Temperature - Tympanic membrane01:14

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Assessing tympanic membrane temperature involves using a tympanic membrane thermometer (TMT). Here is a step-by-step guide:
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Step 2: Turn on the thermometer and wait until the ready sign appears on the screen to ensure accurate measurement.
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Temperature measurement in WTE boilers using suction pyrometers.

Fabio Rinaldi1, Behzad Najafi

  • 1Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Via Lambruschini 4, Milano 20156, Italy. fabio.rinaldi@polimi.it.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
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Summary

Accurate flue-gas temperature measurement in waste to energy (WTE) plants is crucial. This study analyzes errors in common sensors and proposes in situ calibration using suction pyrometers for improved accuracy and uncertainty estimation.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Engineering
  • Thermometry
  • Combustion Science

Background:

  • Waste to Energy (WTE) plants require precise flue-gas temperature control for regulatory compliance and operational efficiency.
  • Industrial thermometers like bare thermocouples and infrared (IR) pyrometers are commonly used but susceptible to measurement errors.
  • Accurate temperature monitoring is essential to prevent material damage and optimize energy recovery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the errors and uncertainties associated with bare thermocouples and IR pyrometers in WTE plant flue-gas measurements.
  • To introduce and validate a method for in situ calibration of these industrial sensors.
  • To provide a reliable estimation of flue-gas temperature and its expanded uncertainty in the post-combustion zone.

Main Methods:

  • Detailed analysis of error sources affecting bare thermocouples and IR pyrometers.
  • Introduction of suction pyrometers as a reference standard for in situ calibration.
  • Description of the operational principles, design considerations, and uncertainty contributions of suction pyrometers.
  • Application of suction pyrometry for flue-gas temperature measurement and calibration.

Main Results:

  • Quantification of inaccuracies introduced by physical contributions in bare thermocouple and IR pyrometer measurements.
  • Demonstration of the effectiveness of suction pyrometers for accurate in situ calibration.
  • Provision of a best-estimate flue-gas temperature within the post-combustion zone.
  • Calculation of the expanded uncertainty associated with the temperature measurements.

Conclusions:

  • Standard industrial thermometers in WTE plants can lead to significant temperature measurement errors.
  • Suction pyrometry offers a viable and accurate method for in situ calibration of flue-gas temperature sensors.
  • Implementing this calibration method enhances the reliability of temperature data, crucial for WTE plant operation and compliance.