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Related Concept Videos

Types of Coprecipitation01:10

Types of Coprecipitation

5.6K
Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
Sometimes, ions in a crystal lattice can undergo isomorphous replacement by inclusions of similar charge and size. For...
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Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control01:16

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

5.8K
In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
The obtained precipitate should be either a pure substance of known composition or easily converted to one by a simple process, such as ignition or drying. In addition, the precipitate should be insoluble and easily filterable. In general, filterability...
5.8K
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects01:29

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects

117
Non-stoichiometric defects refer to a type of defect in the crystal structure of a compound where the ratio of its constituent elements deviates from the ideal stoichiometric ratio. There are two main types of non-stoichiometric defects: metal excess defects and metal deficiency defects.Metal excess defects occur when there is a slight surplus of metal ions than what is required by the stoichiometric ratio of the compound. For example, heating a sodium chloride crystal in sodium vapor results...
117
Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

5.1K
The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
5.1K
Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates00:52

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

5.8K
After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
5.8K
Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS): Interferences01:20

Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS): Interferences

1.7K
Inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS) is a highly selective and sensitive technique for accurate elemental analysis. Though the analysis of ICP–MS mass spectra is comparatively straightforward, it is affected by spectroscopic and non-spectroscopic interferences. Spectroscopic interferences arise when the plasma contains ionic species with an m/z value the same as the analyte ion. Spectroscopic interference can be categorized as isobaric, polyatomic ions, and...
1.7K

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In Situ Soil Moisture Sensors in Undisturbed Soils
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Impurities in snowpacks.

R A Sommerfeld1

  • 1U. S. Forest Service, 240 W. Prospect St., 80526, Fort Collins, CO, USA.

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
|November 20, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Snow acts as a medium for monitoring atmospheric impurities, capturing and storing them for various durations. While snowmelt releases these impurities, further research is needed for precise quantitative data on these environmental processes.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Atmospheric Chemistry
  • Glaciology

Background:

  • Snow plays a crucial role in the acquisition, transport, storage, and release of atmospheric impurities.
  • Snow crystals can trap aerosols and gases, acting as a medium for impurity deposition.
  • The large surface area of snow crystals facilitates impurity exchange with the atmosphere.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the multifaceted role of snow in atmospheric impurity dynamics.
  • To highlight snow's potential as a long-term archive of atmospheric composition.
  • To identify current knowledge gaps in understanding snow-impurity interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of snow's involvement in precipitation and impurity acquisition (aerosols and gases).
  • Analysis of impurity storage and exchange processes within snowpack.

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  • Examination of impurity release during snowmelt and long-term storage in ice bodies.

    • Main Results:

    • Snow acquires impurities through precipitation and dry deposition, storing them on ice surfaces.
    • Low temperatures in snowpack limit but do not eliminate biological and chemical activity.
    • Seasonal and perennial snow/ice bodies serve as archives for atmospheric impurities over various timescales.

    Conclusions:

    • Snow is a vital medium for monitoring atmospheric impurities across diverse time scales.
    • Further quantitative research is essential to fully resolve challenges in using snow as an environmental monitor.
    • Ice core data from perennial snow and ice sheets offer invaluable long-term climate and atmospheric records.