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Related Concept Videos

Menopause01:28

Menopause

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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

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The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
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Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
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Hormonal Regulation01:33

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The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
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The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
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Postmenopausal hormonal therapy: Current status.

V P Jyotsna1

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism
|November 20, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy has undergone significant evolution. This review examines its current status, weighing the benefits against the risks for women.

Keywords:
Hormone replacement therapypostmenopausal

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Women's Health
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has a complex history.
  • Numerous clinical trials have evaluated its efficacy and safety.
  • Understanding the evolving landscape of HRT is crucial for clinical practice.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy.
  • To discuss the current status and clinical applications of HRT.
  • To synthesize evidence on the benefits and risks associated with HRT.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of clinical trials and observational studies.
  • Analysis of historical data and recent research findings.
  • Synthesis of current guidelines and expert opinions.

Main Results:

  • Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has demonstrated efficacy in managing menopausal symptoms.
  • Risk-benefit profiles vary based on HRT type, duration, and individual patient factors.
  • Recent evidence supports individualized HRT approaches.

Conclusions:

  • Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy remains a valuable option for symptom management.
  • Careful patient selection and risk assessment are paramount.
  • Ongoing research continues to refine HRT recommendations.