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Related Concept Videos

Influenza01:27

Influenza

101
Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology01:29

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The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:
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Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment01:30

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Pneumonia poses the potential for numerous complications that warrant consideration. These complications include the following:
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Pneumonia I: Introduction01:29

Pneumonia I: Introduction

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Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...
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Acute Inflammation II: Local and Systemic Effects01:25

Acute Inflammation II: Local and Systemic Effects

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Acute inflammation produces a coordinated set of local and systemic changes that limit injury, eliminate pathogens, and initiate repair. These responses arise within minutes of infection, trauma, or chemical insult and are driven by vascular alterations and leukocyte-derived mediators. When the stimulus resolves, the reaction typically abates within days.Local EffectsAt the site of injury, arteriolar vasodilation increases blood flow, resulting in redness and warmth. Simultaneously, increased...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Using Bioluminescent Imaging to Investigate Synergism Between Streptococcus pneumoniae and Influenza A Virus in Infant Mice
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The complex link between influenza and severe sepsis.

Diana F Florescu1, Andre C Kalil1

  • 1Infectious Diseases Division; Internal Medicine Department; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha, NE USA.

Virulence
|November 21, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Influenza viruses are an increasing cause of severe sepsis globally, leading to more hospitalizations. This update reviews the pathophysiology and clinical aspects of influenza-related severe sepsis.

Keywords:
infectioninfluenzasepsissevere sepsisviral

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Virology

Background:

  • Severe sepsis is often linked to bacterial infections, but viral causes are rising.
  • Influenza viruses are increasingly implicated in severe sepsis outbreaks and pandemics.
  • Patients present with sepsis directly from influenza or secondary bacterial infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated overview of the pathophysiology of severe sepsis.
  • To discuss the clinical manifestations of severe sepsis.
  • To highlight the connection between influenza virus infections and severe sepsis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on influenza and sepsis.
  • Analysis of pathophysiological mechanisms linking influenza to sepsis.
  • Clinical case study review.

Main Results:

  • Influenza is a significant and growing cause of severe sepsis worldwide.
  • Both direct viral sepsis and secondary bacterial infections post-influenza contribute to severe sepsis.
  • Increased hospital admissions for influenza-associated severe sepsis are observed.

Conclusions:

  • Influenza represents a critical emerging threat for severe sepsis.
  • Understanding the pathophysiology is key to managing influenza-induced sepsis.
  • Clinical vigilance for severe sepsis in influenza patients is essential.