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Related Concept Videos

Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Natural selection—probably the most well-known evolutionary mechanism—increases the prevalence of traits that enhance survival and reproduction. However, evolution does not merely propagate favorable traits, nor does it always benefit populations.
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Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.
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Although Mendel chose seven unrelated traits in peas to study gene segregation, most traits involve multiple gene interactions that create a spectrum of phenotypes. When the interaction of various genes or alleles at different locations influences a phenotype, this is called epistasis. Epistasis often involves one gene masking or interfering with the expression of another (antagonistic epistasis). Epistasis often occurs when different genes are part of the same biochemical pathway. The...
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In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
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Types of Selection01:46

Types of Selection

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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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Effects of random and non-random errors on phenotypic selection in autotetraploids.

D E Rowe1

  • 1USDA-ARS, College of Agriculture, Room 323 A, University of Nevada, 89557, Reno, NV, USA.

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Phenotypic errors in selection experiments reduce response, with random errors consistently decreasing selection effectiveness. Non-random errors can either reduce or enhance selection response depending on the direction of the shift and the type of gene action.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantitative Genetics
  • Population Genetics
  • Plant Breeding

Background:

  • Phenotypic recurrent selection is a key breeding strategy.
  • Errors in phenotypic measurements can arise from random environmental variability or non-random systematic biases.
  • Understanding these errors is crucial for accurate genetic gain estimation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To theoretically investigate the impact of random and non-random phenotypic errors on population means and selection response.
  • To analyze these effects in an autotetraploid population with a diallelic locus.
  • To compare selection response with and without phenotypic errors.

Main Methods:

  • A theoretical model was developed for an autotetraploid population at random mating equilibrium.
  • Random errors were simulated by uniformly distributing a percentage (α) of individuals across genotype classes.
  • Non-random errors modeled as systematic shifts (positive or negative) in genotype classification based on inoculation levels.
  • Numerical analysis was performed across various allele frequencies (p) and genic action types.

Main Results:

  • Random errors consistently reduced selection response, independent of genic action type.
  • Random errors caused upward bias in population means at low allele frequencies (p) and downward bias at high p.
  • Non-random errors showed varied effects: negative shifts reduced response (especially for additive gene action), while positive shifts enhanced response for dominant and recessive gene actions.
  • Non-random errors significantly biased population means, particularly with positive shifts at low p.

Conclusions:

  • Phenotypic errors, both random and non-random, can substantially distort selection response and population means.
  • Positive non-random shifts can improve selection efficiency, especially for certain gene actions, while negative shifts are detrimental.
  • The interaction between selection pressure, gene action, and genotype classification errors may explain suboptimal responses in some breeding programs.