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Related Concept Videos

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

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Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

3-D Time-Lapse Imaging of Cell Wall Dynamics Using Calcofluor in the Moss Physcomitrium patens
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Cllmodulin in tip-growing plant cells, visualized by fluorescing calmodulin-binding phenothiazines.

I Haußer1, W Herth, H D Reiss

  • 1Zellenlehre, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, D-6900, Heidelberg, Germany.

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|November 21, 2013
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Summary

Calmodulin (CaM) is present in various growing plant and algal cells. This protein may be crucial for initiating polar growth and regulating cell tip development.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Plant Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Calmodulin (CaM) is a vital calcium-binding protein involved in numerous cellular processes.
  • Understanding CaM localization and function is key to elucidating growth mechanisms in diverse organisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To visualize the distribution of CaM in different cell types undergoing tip growth.
  • To investigate the potential role of CaM in initiating and regulating polar tip growth.

Main Methods:

  • Light microscopy utilizing fluorescent phenothiazine inhibitors (fluphenazine, chlorpromazine) to detect CaM.
  • Observation of CaM localization in pollen tubes, root hairs, moss caulonema, fungal hyphae, and algae.
  • Treatment with cytochalasin B to assess CaM association with the microfilament network.

Main Results:

  • CaM was detected in all tested systems, including pollen tubes, root hairs, moss, fungi, and algae.
  • Tip fluorescence was observed in young pollen tubes and root hairs, becoming uniform in later stages.
  • Cytochalasin B treatment induced punctate CaM fluorescence near the tip of pollen tubes.

Conclusions:

  • The presence of CaM is confirmed across diverse cell types exhibiting tip growth.
  • CaM likely plays a significant role in initiating polar growth.
  • CaM may associate with the tip's microfilament network to regulate cytoplasmic streaming and vesicle transport.