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Scanning Electron Microscopy01:07

Scanning Electron Microscopy

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A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
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Overview of Electron Microscopy01:25

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The wavelengths of visible light ultimately limit the maximum theoretical resolution of images created by light microscopes. Most light microscopes can only magnify 1000X, and a few can magnify up to 1500X. Electrons, like electromagnetic radiation, can behave like waves, but with wavelengths of 0.005 nm, they produce significantly greater resolution up to 0.05 nm as compared to 500 nm for visible light. An electron microscope (EM) can create a sharp image that is magnified up to 2,000,000X.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Sample Preparation and Experimental Design for In Situ Multi-Beam Transmission Electron Microscopy Irradiation Experiments
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Sample Preparation and Experimental Design for In Situ Multi-Beam Transmission Electron Microscopy Irradiation Experiments

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External-beam methods in biomedical work.

J Räisänen1

  • 1Accelerator Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Hämeentie 100, SF-00550, Helsinki, Finland.

Biological Trace Element Research
|November 21, 2013
PubMed
Summary

This study demonstrates the use of proton-induced X-ray/gamma-ray emission (PIXE/PIGE) and other particle-based methods for biomedical analysis. These techniques offer valuable insights into sample composition with discussed limitations and applications.

Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Biomedical Science
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Particle-induced emission techniques are crucial for elemental analysis in complex matrices.
  • Understanding the capabilities and limitations of these methods is vital for accurate biomedical research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the utility of external-beam proton-induced X-ray/gamma-ray emission (PIXE/PIGE), backscattering spectrometry (BS), and particle-particle methods in biomedical applications.
  • To provide detection limit values for these techniques in typical biomedical samples.
  • To discuss the advantages, drawbacks, and restrictions of each method.

Main Methods:

  • External-beam proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE)
  • External-beam proton-induced gamma-ray emission (PIGE)

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  • Backscattering spectrometry (BS)
  • Particle-particle method

    • Main Results:

    • Demonstrated usability of PIXE, PIGE, BS, and particle-particle methods in biomedical settings.
    • Provided and compared detection limits for these techniques under practical conditions.
    • Detailed discussion of the pros, cons, and limitations of each analytical approach.

    Conclusions:

    • External-beam PIXE, PIGE, BS, and particle-particle methods are viable tools for biomedical analysis.
    • The choice of method depends on specific sample characteristics and analytical requirements.
    • These techniques offer valuable insights into elemental composition for biomedical research.