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Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...

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Updated: May 5, 2026

Neutron Radiography and Computed Tomography of Biological Systems at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's High Flux Isotope Reactor

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Trace elements in the human central nervous system studied with neutron activation analysis.

L O Plantin¹, U Lying-Tunell, K Kristensson

¹Karolinska Institute, Research Center, Huddinge Hospital, Huddinge Neurology Dept, St Görans Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.

Biological Trace Element Research

|November 21, 2013

Summary

This study analyzed trace elements in brain and spinal cord samples from Alzheimer

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Last Updated: May 5, 2026

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Published on: February 5, 2015

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Trace Element Analysis
Nuclear Chemistry

Background:

The central nervous system (CNS) is highly sensitive to trace element imbalances due to its high metabolism and limited regeneration.
Few studies have investigated trace element concentrations within the human CNS.
This research addresses the need for more data on CNS trace elements.

Purpose of the Study:

To quantify trace element concentrations in different brain lobes and the spinal cord.
To compare trace element profiles in Alzheimer's disease patients versus control subjects.

Main Methods:

Autopsy-obtained CNS samples (brain lobes, spinal cord) were carefully handled to prevent contamination.
Samples underwent freeze-drying, sealing in quartz tubes, and neutron irradiation in a nuclear reactor.
Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) with Ge(Li) detector and multichannel analyzer was used for element quantification after chemical separation.

Main Results:

Concentrations of Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Rb, Se, and Zn were determined.
Na and K levels were also measured but not reported.
Trace element data was successfully acquired for ten Alzheimer's disease patients and ten controls.

Conclusions:

The study established a methodology for analyzing trace elements in CNS tissues.
This technique allows for the examination of potential links between trace element dysregulation and neurological conditions like Alzheimer's disease.