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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions

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Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum...

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Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Identification of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Paraffin-Embedded Feline Arterial Thrombi using Immunofluorescence Microscopy

Identification of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Paraffin-Embedded Feline Arterial Thrombi using Immunofluorescence Microscopy

Published on: March 29, 2020

Carbimazole-associated hypersensitivity vasculitis in a cat.

K Bowlt¹, I Cattin, J Stewart

¹Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU.

The Journal of Small Animal Practice

|November 22, 2013

Summary

Feline hyperthyroidism treatment with carbimazole can cause rare hypersensitivity vasculitis. This case report details a cat experiencing severe side effects, including necrosis and kidney damage, which resolved after discontinuing the drug.

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Area of Science:

Veterinary Medicine
Internal Medicine
Pharmacology

Background:

Feline hyperthyroidism is a common endocrine disorder in older cats.
Treatment options include medication, surgery, and radioactive iodine therapy.
Carbimazole is an antithyroid drug that inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis.

Observation:

A case report of a cat diagnosed with hyperthyroidism is presented.
The cat was treated with carbimazole, a common antithyroid medication.
The patient developed severe adverse effects suggestive of hypersensitivity vasculitis.

Findings:

The cat exhibited digital and tail necrosis, along with multiple renal infarcts.
These clinical signs were attributed to a carbimazole-associated hypersensitivity vasculitis.
Discontinuation of carbimazole led to disease stabilization.

Implications:

This case highlights a rare but severe adverse reaction to carbimazole in cats.
Veterinarians should be vigilant for signs of vasculitis in hyperthyroid cats undergoing carbimazole treatment.
Early recognition and drug withdrawal are crucial for managing this complication.