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Related Concept Videos

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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The human body contains a monogastric digestive system. In a monogastric digestive system, the stomach only contains one chamber in which it digests food. Several other animal species also have monogastric digestive systems, including pigs, horses, dogs, and birds. This chapter, however, focuses on the human digestive system.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Therapeutic Evaluation of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in an Interleukin 10-Deficient Mouse Model
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Therapeutic faecal microbiota transplantation: current status and future developments.

Thomas J Borody1, Lawrence J Brandt, Sudarshan Paramsothy

  • 1aCentre of Digestive Diseases, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia bAlbert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA cSt Vincent's Hospital Clinical School, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.

Current Opinion in Gastroenterology
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Summary

Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a proven therapy for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) and shows promise for other conditions. New FMT products are emerging, improving accessibility and delivery methods for this evolving treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Microbiome Research
  • Therapeutic Innovations

Background:

  • The gastrointestinal microbiota (GiMb) plays a critical role in disease pathogenesis.
  • Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has emerged as a significant therapeutic strategy.
  • Understanding of the GiMb has rapidly advanced, driving FMT development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review therapeutic advances and latest therapies in Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT).
  • To explore the potential of FMT in treating gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal conditions.
  • To summarize the current state and future directions of FMT.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive review of recent scientific literature on Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT).
  • Analysis of published data on FMT efficacy and safety, particularly for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI).
  • Evaluation of emerging FMT products and delivery systems.

Main Results:

  • FMT is highly effective and well-tolerated for treating relapsing Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), with over 500 cases reported.
  • Preliminary findings suggest FMT holds promise for other gastrointestinal conditions.
  • Commercial development of FMT products, such as frozen GiMb extract, is advancing, enhancing availability and delivery.

Conclusions:

  • Recent literature strongly supports FMT for relapsing CDI.
  • Clinical trials are investigating FMT for inflammatory bowel disease and other conditions.
  • Therapeutic FMT is a rapidly evolving field with expanding indications and optimized administration methods.