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Related Concept Videos

Non-nuclear Inheritance01:29

Non-nuclear Inheritance

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Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
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Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes02:19

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A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred...
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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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Green algae and plants, including green stems and unripe fruit, harbor specialized organelles called chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis. They coordinate both stages of photosynthesis — the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reactions use sunlight to release oxygen and produce chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent reactions capture CO2 and use ATP and NADPH to produce sugar.
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Anatomy of Chloroplasts01:07

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Green algae and plants, including green stems and unripe fruit, harbor chloroplasts—the vital organelles where photosynthesis takes place. In plants, the highest density of chloroplasts is found in the mesophyll cells of leaves.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Plant Organellar DNA Enrichment Methods Suitable for Next-generation Sequencing
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Homologies between nuclear and plastid DNA in spinach.

N S Scott1, J N Timmis

  • 1CSIRO Division of Horticultural Research, GPO Box 350, 5001, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.

TAG. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. Theoretische Und Angewandte Genetik
|November 22, 2013
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Summary

Spinach nuclear DNA contains sequences homologous to chloroplast DNA, indicating gene transfer and integration. These homologies are found in methylated regions and are present at multiple locations within the nuclear genome.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Plant Genetics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Investigating the dynamic relationship between nuclear and organellar genomes is crucial for understanding genome evolution.
  • Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and nuclear DNA (nDNA) interactions are key to plant cell function and inheritance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detect and characterize homologies between spinach nuclear DNA and chloroplast DNA.
  • To determine the integration sites and extent of chloroplast DNA sequences within the nuclear genome.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a spinach chloroplast DNA (ptDNA) clone bank as hybridization probes.
  • Screened restriction fragments of purified spinach nuclear DNA (nDNA) from root nuclei.
  • Employed methylation-sensitive restriction endonucleases (HpaII and MspI) to differentiate nDNA and ptDNA fragments.

Main Results:

  • Identified homologies between every cloned ptDNA fragment and discrete nDNA restriction fragments.
  • Confirmed sequence homologies to specific genes, including RuBP carboxylase and the beta subunit of ptATPase.
  • Found that nDNA homologies are located in highly methylated regions, distinct from ptDNA fragments.

Conclusions:

  • Demonstrated the integration of chloroplast DNA sequences into the spinach nuclear genome.
  • Quantified the total homology to be equivalent to approximately five copies of the plastome per haploid nuclear genome.
  • Indicated that these homologies exist as multiple integrated segments, each less than 2 kbp in length.