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Related Concept Videos

Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling01:11

Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling

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The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the...
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Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane01:33

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Carboxylic acids react with diazomethane in an ether solvent via alkylation at the carboxylate oxygen atom to give methyl esters of the corresponding acid with excellent yields.
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1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

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Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
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1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

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Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff
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Potential exposure to diazinon during yard applications.

J E Davis1, E R Stevens, D C Staiff

  • 1Wenatchee Pesticides Research Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Wenatchee, WA, USA.

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
|November 22, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Home applicators using the pesticide diazinon experienced minimal exposure, even with minimal clothing. Protecting hands could virtually eliminate pesticide exposure during lawn and shrub applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental toxicology
  • Occupational health
  • Pesticide safety

Background:

  • Diazinon is a commonly used pesticide for residential applications.
  • Understanding applicator exposure is crucial for home pesticide safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify potential exposure risks for individuals applying diazinon.
  • To identify key exposure routes during residential pesticide application.

Main Methods:

  • Monitoring of applicators using compressed air or hose-end sprayers for diazinon application.
  • Estimation of exposure levels relative to a lethal dose.

Main Results:

  • Mean exposure was less than 0.2% of a lethal dose per hour.
  • Hand exposure constituted 85% or more of the total exposure.
  • Minimal clothing did not significantly increase overall risk.

Conclusions:

  • Residential diazinon application poses low acute exposure risk.
  • Hand protection is the most effective measure to minimize exposure.
  • Further research into protective gear for pesticide applicators is warranted.