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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans
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Explanatory variance in maximal oxygen uptake.

Jacalyn J Robert McComb1, Daesung Roh, James S Williams

  • 1Department of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, TX, USA.

Journal of Sports Science & Medicine
|November 22, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Body fat percentage is a key predictor for estimating maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). A simple equation using body fat can estimate VO2max, useful for water running fitness assessments.

Keywords:
Water runningbody compositionbody fatmaximal oxygen uptake

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Area of Science:

  • Exercise Physiology
  • Sports Science
  • Cardiorespiratory Fitness

Background:

  • Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is a crucial indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness.
  • Estimating VO2max often relies on laboratory-based maximal exertion tests.
  • Submaximal protocols offer a potentially more accessible alternative for assessing VO2max.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a prediction equation for estimating VO2max using a submaximal water running protocol.
  • To identify key predictors of VO2max within a water running context.
  • To establish a practical method for VO2max estimation in aquatic exercise settings.

Main Methods:

  • Thirty-two young adults (18-24 years) participated.
  • Measurements included 7-site skinfold assessment, land-based treadmill VO2max test, and a 6-minute water running test.
  • Regression analysis was used to develop the prediction equation, with VO2max measured via open-circuit calorimetry.

Main Results:

  • Percent body fat (% BF) was the sole significant predictor of VO2max.
  • % BF accounted for 76% of the variance in VO2max (r = -0.87).
  • The derived equation is VO2max (ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) = 56.14 - 0.92 (% BF).

Conclusions:

  • Body fat percentage is a strong predictor of VO2max, even in a water running environment.
  • The developed equation provides a simple tool for estimating VO2max based on body fat.
  • Future research should focus on trained water runners to refine submaximal protocols.