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Ethics in Research

Ethics in Research

Today, scientists agree that good research is ethical in nature and is guided by a basic respect for human dignity and safety. However, this has not always been the case. Modern researchers must demonstrate that the research they perform is ethically sound.

Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches

Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches

Biopharmaceutical studies constitute a vital field aiming to enhance drug delivery methods and refine therapeutic approaches, drawing upon diverse interdisciplinary knowledge. In research methodologies, the choice between controlled and non-controlled studies significantly influences the study's reliability and accuracy.
Non-controlled studies, commonly employed for initial exploration, lack a control group, rendering them susceptible to biases and external influences. In contrast,...

Guidelines for Writing Outcome

Guidelines for Writing Outcome

When developing expected outcomes for a patient care plan, the nurse should adhere to the following recommendations:
Patient outcomes reflect the patient's response to the goal rather than what the nurse aims to achieve. Terminology should be observable and measurable to avoid the reader's interpretation. The desired outcome should be realistic and achievable in the designated care timeframe. Expected outcomes should align with adjunctive therapies. The outcome should enhance care...

Archival Research

Archival Research

Some researchers gain access to large amounts of data without interacting with a single research participant. Instead, they use existing records to answer various research questions. This type of research approach is known as archival research. Archival research relies on looking at past records or data sets to look for interesting patterns or relationships. For example, a researcher might access the academic records of all individuals who enrolled in college within the past ten years and...

Decision Making: P-value Method

Decision Making: P-value Method

The process of hypothesis testing based on the P-value method includes calculating the P- value using the sample data and interpreting it.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is proposed. The claim is based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to the claim is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses: a null hypothesis would be a neutral statement while the alternative hypothesis can...

Longitudinal Research

Longitudinal Research

Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Involving Individuals with Developmental Language Disorder and Their Parents/Carers in Research Priority Setting

Involving Individuals with Developmental Language Disorder and Their Parents/Carers in Research Priority Setting

Published on: June 6, 2020

Stakeholder views on returning research results.

Susanne B Haga¹, Jennifer Q Zhao

¹Institute for Genome Sciences & Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

Advances in Genetics

|November 23, 2013

Summary

Researchers and participants agree on returning study results, especially clinically significant genetic findings. Planning and budgeting for result disclosure should begin early in research development.

Keywords:

Attitudes Consent Ethics Human subjects protection Research results

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Area of Science:

Biomedical research ethics
Genetics and genomics research

Background:

Returning research results is crucial in genetics and genomics due to data sensitivity and public interest.
Stakeholder attitudes towards disclosing research findings vary but show common ground.

Purpose of the Study:

To review stakeholder attitudes (participants, policymakers, researchers) on returning research results.
To identify consensus areas and discuss related issues like informed consent and cost.

Main Methods:

Review of stakeholder attitudes regarding the disclosure of research findings.
Analysis of consensus on returning summary reports and clinically significant individual results.

Main Results:

Consensus exists among stakeholders to return summary reports of study outcomes.
Agreement on returning individual research results of clinical significance is also noted.

Conclusions:

Encourage or require researchers to plan and budget for returning research results early in project development.
The time is appropriate to integrate result disclosure planning into the initial stages of research projects.