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Related Concept Videos

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll01:12

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

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Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...
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Disorders of the Nervous Tissue01:28

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Nervous tissue is a vital component of the human body's communication system, enabling us to perceive and respond to stimuli. However, like all other tissues, it is vulnerable to disorders and diseases that can significantly impact our neurological functioning.
Homeostatic Imbalances:
Alzheimer's disease manifests as a gradual decline in memory and cognitive abilities, attributed to the buildup of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain.
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Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders01:20

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Gastrointestinal or GI motility disorders are characterized by irregular gastrointestinal tract movements, disrupting food transit from the mouth to the anus. They are caused by damage or dysfunction in gut muscles or nerves. These disorders can cause symptoms such as severe constipation, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and swallowing difficulties. Disorders can affect any segment of the GI tract and range widely in severity, from common conditions like GERD to life-threatening conditions like...
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Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

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The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
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A persistent pattern of angry or irritable mood, defiant behavior, or vindictiveness characterizes Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Symptoms must occur over at least six months, involve interactions with individuals beyond siblings, and meet specific diagnostic criteria to be clinically significant. The disorder affects emotional regulation, social interactions, and behavior, often manifesting early in life and influencing long-term development and functioning.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

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Movement disorders in childhood.

Francisco Cardoso1

  • 1Professor of Neurology, Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Internal Medicine Department, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.

Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
|November 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary

This review covers common childhood movement disorders like tics and dystonia, noting their distinct causes and impacts compared to adults. Early recognition of rarer conditions such as stereotypies and Parkinsonism is crucial for managing severe associated conditions.

Keywords:
ChildrenChoreaDystoniaMovement Disorders TicParkinsonismStereotypyTremor

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Movement Disorders
  • Child Neurology

Background:

  • Movement disorders in children are common but differ in etiology and presentation from adult-onset conditions.
  • Understanding these differences is key for accurate diagnosis and management in pediatric populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of various movement disorders observed in children.
  • To highlight the unique characteristics, common causes, and diagnostic considerations for each disorder in pediatric patients.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of pediatric movement disorders.
  • Synthesis of information on phenomenology, etiology, and prognosis.
  • Emphasis on differential diagnosis and clinical relevance.

Main Results:

  • Tics are most common, usually mild with a good prognosis.
  • Dystonia, often genetic/idiopathic, causes significant disability.
  • Sydenham's chorea is the leading cause of chorea; Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is a rarer cause.
  • Tremor is uncommon, often due to drugs or essential tremor.
  • Stereotypies are uncommon but linked to severe conditions like autism.
  • Parkinsonism is rare, associated with encephalitis or medications.
  • Wilson's disease requires exclusion in all pediatric movement disorders.

Conclusions:

  • Childhood movement disorders encompass a range of conditions with distinct pediatric-specific features.
  • Accurate diagnosis and timely intervention are essential, particularly for disorders associated with severe underlying conditions or significant disability.