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Identifying methamphetamine exposure in children.

Marisol S Castaneto1, Allan J Barnes, Karl B Scheidweiler

  • 1*Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD; †Psychemedics Corporation, Culver City, CA; ‡Data, Benchmark and Evaluation Section, Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health Division, California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, CA; and §Student Health Service, California State University, Chico, CA.

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Summary

Hair analysis is the most sensitive method for detecting methamphetamine (MAMP) and related drug exposure in children, surpassing urine and oral fluid tests. This is crucial for identifying drug-endangered children and ensuring their safety and well-being.

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Toxicology
  • Environmental Health
  • Pediatric Health

Background:

  • Methamphetamine (MAMP) use poses significant risks to children, including developmental and health issues.
  • Environmental exposure to MAMP necessitates medical evaluation and drug testing for affected children.
  • Identifying the optimal biological matrix for detecting MAMP and related amphetamines in exposed children is critical for child protection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the most effective biological matrix for detecting MAMP, amphetamine (AMP), methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), and 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) in children with environmental exposure.
  • To compare the sensitivity of urine, oral fluid (OF), and hair analysis for these substances.

Main Methods:

  • Medical evaluation of 91 children with documented environmental MAMP exposure.
  • Quantification of MAMP, AMP, MDMA, MDA, and MDEA in urine, OF, and hair samples.
  • Utilized gas chromatography mass spectrometry for urine and OF, and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for hair analysis.

Main Results:

  • Overall drug detection rates were 6.9% in OF, 22.1% in urine, and 77.8% in hair.
  • 79% of children tested positive for at least one drug in one or more matrices.
  • MAMP was the primary analyte detected across all three matrices; positive OF and urine results were highly correlated with positive hair tests.

Conclusions:

  • Hair analysis demonstrated superior sensitivity for detecting MAMP, AMP, and MDMA environmental exposure in children compared to urine or OF.
  • While a negative urine or hair test does not definitively rule out exposure, hair testing offers the highest sensitivity for identifying drug-exposed children.
  • These findings support the use of hair analysis as a primary tool in evaluating drug exposure in environmentally exposed children.