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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...

Goiter

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...

The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Published on: February 3, 2023

Breast metastases to thyroid gland.

Mike S Nguyen¹, Daniel T Ginat, Ellen J Giampoli

¹*Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY; †Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; and ‡Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY.

Ultrasound Quarterly

|November 23, 2013

Summary

Thyroid metastases from breast cancer are rare. This case highlights an unusual cystic thyroid nodule with specific ultrasound features, emphasizing the need for fine-needle aspiration in patients with a history of breast cancer.

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Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

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An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

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Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy

Published on: May 12, 2023

Area of Science:

Oncology
Radiology
Endocrinology

Background:

Thyroid gland metastases are infrequent occurrences.
Breast adenocarcinoma is a common malignancy with potential for distant spread.

Observation:

A 67-year-old woman presented with a 0.9 cm thyroid nodule.
The nodule exhibited an echogenic focus with ring-down artifact.
The lesion was predominantly cystic, mimicking a benign thyroid nodule.

Findings:

Sonographic features of metastatic breast adenocarcinoma to the thyroid were documented.
The cystic and echogenic characteristics were atypical for malignancy.
Fine-needle aspiration was performed due to the patient's history of breast cancer.

Implications:

Patient history is crucial for diagnosing thyroid nodules with unusual sonographic appearances.
Tissue diagnosis is essential for differentiating benign-appearing nodules from metastases.
This case underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in managing thyroid nodules in cancer patients.