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Related Concept Videos

Adhesion01:14

Adhesion

37.0K
Adhesion occurs when one type of molecule is attracted to a different molecule. Water exhibits adhesive properties in the presence of polar surfaces, such as glass or cellulose in plants. For instance, when water is poured into a glass, the positively charged hydrogen molecules of water are more attracted to the negatively charged oxygen molecules in the silica than to the oxygen in neighboring water molecules.
Capillary action is a result of water’s adhesive tendencies. When a narrow...
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Conformations of Cycloalkanes02:29

Conformations of Cycloalkanes

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Adolf von Baeyer attempted to explain the instabilities of small and large cycloalkane rings using the concept of angle strain — the strain caused by the deviation of bond angles from the ideal 109.5° tetrahedral value for sp3  hybridized carbons. However, while cyclopropane and cyclobutane are strained, as expected from their highly compressed bond angles, cyclopentane is more strained than predicted, and cyclohexane is virtually strain-free. Hence, Baeyer’s theory that...
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Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity02:57

Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity

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Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
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Surface Tension01:24

Surface Tension

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Surface tension is defined as the force per unit length (γ) acting along the surface of a liquid. It arises due to strong intermolecular forces of attraction. A molecule located inside the bulk of the liquid is surrounded by other molecules and experiences equal forces in all directions. However, a molecule at the surface experiences unbalanced forces because there are more neighboring molecules below than above. This creates a net inward force that pulls surface molecules toward the...
9
Conformations of Cyclohexane02:11

Conformations of Cyclohexane

12.2K
Cyclohexane does not exist in a planar form due to the high angle and torsional strain it would experience in the planar structure. Instead, it adopts non-planar chair and boat conformations.
The chair form is the most stable and derives its name from its resemblance to the “easy chair.” In the chair conformation, two carbon atoms are arranged out-of-plane — one above and one below, minimizing the torsional strain. In the chair form, the bond angle is very close to the ideal...
12.2K
Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane02:02

Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane

16.2K
The chair conformation is the most stable form of cyclohexane due to the absence of angle and torsional strain. The absence of angle strain is a result of cyclohexane’s bond angle being very close to the ideal tetrahedral bond angle of 109.5° in its chair conformer. Similarly, the torsional strain is also absent owing to the perfectly staggered arrangement of bonds.
The hydrogen atoms linked to carbons are arranged in two different axial and equatorial orientations to achieve this...
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Adhesion force between cyclopentane hydrate and mineral surfaces.

Zachary M Aman1, William J Leith, Giovanny A Grasso

  • 1Centre for Energy, School of Mechanical and Chemical Engineering, University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|November 26, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Clathrate hydrate adhesion forces are significantly stronger on calcite and quartz than stainless steel, increasing with contact time. Surface properties influence hydrate adhesion, impacting energy production.

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Area of Science:

  • Geochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Clathrate hydrate adhesion is crucial for aggregation and deposition in energy production and transport.
  • Understanding these forces is vital for preventing blockages and ensuring operational efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify adhesion forces between cyclopentane hydrate and mineral substrates (quartz, calcite).
  • To investigate the influence of surface properties like roughness and wettability on hydrate adhesion.
  • To compare experimental data with existing adhesion force theories.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a micromechanical force apparatus to measure adhesion forces.
  • Employed heterogeneous quartz and calcite substrates modeling sand and scale.
  • Controlled surface roughness and measured water wetting angles.

Main Results:

  • Adhesion forces were 5-10x greater for calcite and quartz compared to stainless steel.
  • Adhesive forces increased 3-15x with contact time (10-30s).
  • Observed rapid conversion of liquid water to clathrate hydrate upon contact with mineral surfaces.

Conclusions:

  • Existing theories accurately predict hydrate adhesion on calcite but not quartz, suggesting quartz surface reactivity.
  • Substrate surface properties significantly impact capillary bridge strength between hydrates and solids.
  • Findings offer insights into hydrate behavior in energy production environments.